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Fever is the most common reason for consultation with a pediatrician. In most cases, the cause is obvious and the treatment is straightforward; however, some cases can be challenging. Unfortunately, errors in managing fever in children are fairly common. These include leaving out vital questions while taking a history, missing clinical clues during the initial examination, failing to recognize the significance of some clinical and laboratory findings, and delaying the ordering of essential investigations. Between us, we have treated over 50,000 children with fever and have been training interns and postgraduates in treating fever for over three decades. Over the years, we have also made our share of mistakes. The lessons learnt are deeply embedded, and hopefully, we have not repeated them. We realized that our experience could be used to help others and thus decided to write this book for medical students and physicians who care for children. In Fever in Children: Case Based Learning, we present 23 detailed case studies that illustrate a comprehensive approach to managing various presentations of fever in children. The causes of fever without a focus that are frequently overlooked in pediatric practice are presented, including infections, connective tissue diseases, malignancies, and other rare conditions. In each chapter, we have provided an abstract with the key message. We then present a case discussion in the format of a teaching ward round led by a professor. The case details are provided in a stepwise manner, and at each stage, there are questions with answers and explanations to describe the thought process of the treating physician until the final diagnosis is made. The discussion concludes with a brief word on the treatment and its outcome. We have listed the learning points at the end of each chapter to emphasize the take-home messages and to help the reader retain the practice points. Though the children we have discussed in this book belong to a particular region and certain causes of fever may be predominant in this region, we have tried to keep the differential diagnosis and discussions as broad-based and universal as possible. The focus of this book is on the process of arriving at a diagnosis. Pathophysiology and treatment are not discussed in great detail, and readers are urged to refer to other resources for this. It is our hope that the readers will use these practical lessons to approach children with fever confidently and rationally. We gratefully acknowledge the encouragement of our dear colleagues and the photos they contributed. We thank our patients—the children and their families—for trusting us to treat them and allowing us to share in the experience; our students who inspire us every day; and our families for their encouragement and support throughout the years. We would also like to extend our gratitude to the Springer team. for their support and assistance in publishing this book.