دانلود کتابچه راهنمای فوران و واکنش دارویی

Medical pharmacology is primarily concerned with the mechanisms by which drugs treat disease processes, relieve symptoms, and counteract the molecular manifestations of pathological states. Pharmacology is also concerned with the factors that determine the time course of drug action, including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Students are often overwhelmed by the vast amount of pharmacological information available today. This textbook provides the essential concepts and drug information that students need to be successful in their courses without an overwhelming amount of detail. This text is primarily intended for students who are taking their first course in pharmacology, but it will also be useful for those who are preparing to take medical boards or licensing examinations. Because of the large number of drugs available today, this text emphasizes the general properties of drug categories and prototypical drugs. The chapters begin with a drug classification box to familiarize students with drug categories, subcategories, and specific drugs to be presented in the chapter. Additionally, all FDA-approved drugs are listed along with the emphasized drugs to enhance the value of this textbook as a reference volume. In the four years since the publication of the previous edition of Brenner and Stevens’ Pharmacology, major trends in the development and marketing of new medications and new formulations were apparent. First, there was an explosion of combination drugs released onto the market in recent years. This is a good thing, as there is often pharmacological synergy between combined agents, but also because patient compliance is greatly improved. It is easier to take one pill than two, or three, or four. The usual product combines two successful and effective single agents for the treatment of a disorder. These newly approved combination drugs are included in this 6th edition of Brenner & Stevens’ Pharmacology. Second, the market is flush with immunopharmacology drug products. Immunopharmacology products are rampant and apparent to both the physician and consumer by the numerous monoclonal antibody drugs touted in TV commercials. Pharmaceutical manufacturing of monoclonal antibody drugs that target enzymes, receptors, or other proteins is a rapidly growing sector of biologicals. Many therapeutic classes of pharmacological agents now have one or two drugs that work via antibodies or that target immune system factors. Because of the exponential growth of immunopharmacology drugs, a new Chapter 46 was added to close the book. Third, the development and marketing of small molecule inhibitors skyrocketed in the last five years. Small molecule inhibitors were developed to go inside of cells and inhibit particular kinases or other enzymes and proteins. By contrast, more traditional drugs target receptor or enzymes on the cell membrane, like morphine acting on opioid receptors. Small molecule inhibitors are effective in many neoplastic (cancer) diseases and other pathological states with a well-defined molecular pathway. This new class of drugs with intracellular targets was added to Chapter 45. The book has been meticulously organized to include extensive cross-referencing of many drugs that have more than one therapeutic use or multiple classifications. This will aid the reader in following a particular drug that is included in different chapters. Additionally, to aid the reader in drug recognition, drug names are followed by trade (brand) names in Small Caps Font. This helps because the trade name of many drugs are heavily advertised and the reader may already have some knowledge of their drug uses. As all medications are indexed under both their generic and brand names, this book is also a valuable reference for a quick review of drugs encountered in the reader’s personal or professional life. However the student reader will bear in mind that for purposes of examination and boards, the unbranded generic drug name is exclusively used. The book now in your hands was extensively revised for the 6th edition to include all new drugs on the market since the last edition (more than 200), and to exclude older drugs that were withdrawn from the market. Much ancillary drug information, such as chemical structures and unremarkable pharmacokinetics, was shortened or deleted. The figures that were retained were updated and new figures added, with an emphasis on illustrating drug mechanisms of action. A modern graphic style was developed for the figures to improve understanding and to entice the eye. This new edition is sadly noted by the recent passing of Dr. George M. Brenner, my mentor, my friend, and co-author on previous editions of this textbook. George hired me 30 years ago as a young Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, collaborated on research projects, and encouraged my career as an academic scientist. Dr. Brenner had an encyclopedic knowledge of medications and his expertise is greatly missed. On another sad note, this book was written during the COVID- 19 pandemic which took hundreds of thousands of lives due to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Although at the time of this writing there are no fully-approved FDA treatments for the pandemic virus, special sections on the emergency use drugs and developing vaccines are included in Chapter 43 and Chapter 46. I thank my numerous offspring and their mates for their constant love and attention which inspires me to undertake such massive projects like this textbook. I especially want to thank my OB/GYN wife, Dr. Timmeni L. Stevens, D.O., (‘the real doctor’) for her help on Chapter 34, Drugs Affecting Fertility and Reproduction. I also appreciate the fine people at Elsevier, who bring it all together to produce the nicely designed textbook now in your hands. The interactions with Alexandra Mortimer, Meghan Andress, and Kevin Travers were especially professional and pleasant. They seem to really enjoy their career and know what they are doing. Finally, I am a pharmacologist who spent most of my career as a preclinical researcher using animals and cell cultures as models for understanding the human condition. I am not a physician or medical consultant. Therefore none of the following text should be taken as medical advice.