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Hard to believe it has been 17 years since the last edition of the text Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Yet the need for such a text has only increased. We have limited our text to Type II Diabetes Mellitus since the number of patients with type II diabetes is particularly on the rise. Diabetes mellitus not only remains an impor­tant cause of morbidity and mortality in this United States and the Western nations, its prevalence is also increasing with rising obesity rates. In those ensuing 20 years new basic science breakthroughs and treatment options are present. We hope this book reflects these new discoveries.

The changes include a new publisher, Springer. We have included a general introduction to the topic of diabetes mellitus including its definition as well as the epidemiology of this growing disease.

Our basic research section has all updated chapters, but we have added new ones as well. Specifically, Drs. Moreiri and Doria have written a new chapter on the Genetics of Type II diabetes mellitus.

Other chapters transcend categorization. The chapter on Diabetes, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease discusses both the basic science and clinical treatments as it relates to inflammation’s role in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Dr. Mantzoros’ chapter on Adiponectin has a detailed review regarding GLP-1 which is now a new treatment modality. Dr. Plutsky’s chapter on PPAR is another that contains both basic science and clinical studies as does the new chapter written by Dr. Balakrishna on Renin-Angiotensin and Aldosterone System.

In the section Associated Conditions, we have not only updated the chapters, we have a completely new chapter on the Metabolic Syndrome written by Drs. Via and Mechanick along with a new chapter on the Effects of Sleep Apnea on Cardiovascular Disease which may play a significant role in the etiology of not only hypertension but Type II Diabetes Mellitus itself. Both the chapters on Hypertension by Dr. McFarlane and colleagues and Dyslipidemia by Dr. Grunfeld et al. have been com­pletely revamped and updated.