دانلود کتاب علم، فناوری و مهندسی کامپوزیت ها

Composite materials have matured during my scientific career. When I joined Scott Bader and Co. in 1960 as a laboratory technician, glass fibre or fibreglass was a novel material for contact moulding using hand lay-up processing. Typically, boat hulls were manufactured using this technology. However, with the discovery of highstrength carbon fibre in the early 1960s by William Watt and colleagues at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, carbon-fibre plastics or CFRP stimulated the development of reinforced plastics or composites because the reinforcement enabled high performance and low weight to be achieved together. In parallel, Akio Shindo in Japan had also prepared strong carbon fibres, but the properties were inferior. It is considered that the constraint used in Farnborough during carbonization was critical. Metal matrix (MMC) and ceramic matrix (CMC) composites also benefited from the discovery of fine (small diameter) high-strength fibres that could resist the process temperatures. Boron fibres were first reported by C. P. Talley in 1959. In 1978, S. Yajima reported the synthesis of ‘silicon carbide’ fibres from a polymeric precursor, which encouraged the development of CMCs. Derek Birchall showed in the early 1980s how fine alumina fibres could be spun from an aqueous sol-gel precursor. These discoveries stimulated interest in metal reinforcement. Prior to these developments, boron fibres and silicon carbide fibres were available from chemical vapour deposition onto tungsten wire, and as such meant that the fibres had diameters of 2–300 μm, which limited composite manufacturing processes and shapes. We should not forget that fibrous reinforcements have been used since biblical times, when straw-reinforced clay was used for bricks.