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Nanomaterials are materials that possess structural units at nanoscale in at least one of its dimensions, and its study is a rapidly evolving frontier area in materials science and engineering. Materials property profile changes in terms of uniqueness in the nanoregime, for example, the mechanical strength of materials, can be enhanced or quantum effects may arise on downsizing the materials in nanoscale or synthesizing quantum dots out of it.

Carbon plays a pivotal role in the field of nanotechnology as silicon or germanium play in electronics, and indeed carbon nanotubes as an allotrope of carbon and its applications in greening the environment deserve a separate volume. Carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes provide only a fundamental form of conventional carbon materials. The advent of other forms of carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, cover all nanostructured carbons, namely, nanodiamonds, fullerenes, nanotubes, nanofibers, cones, and whiskers, which have evolved over the time.