دانلود کتاب سرطان از دریچه تکامل و اکولوژی

Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are usually housed in different departments than cancer researchers. Sometimes they are even in different colleges within a university. They rely on different sources of funding. They have different training. They go to different meetings. They read different journals. They have different frames of reference, with each having their own jargon. And yet despite the partitioning of researchers in these fields of study, cancer progression is fundamentally an evolutionary process that takes place within ecological theaters. With each divi¬sion, tumor cells pass on their genetic information to descendants—this inheritance is not perfect, allowing genetic differences to accumulate. The cancer cells differ in their ability to replicate, to acquire and use resources, and to survive the various insults in their environments. Inheritance, variation, and differential survival and reproduction, as Darwin taught us, are the essential postu¬lates for evolution by natural selection. Ecology is also of essence: the ability of different genotypes of cells to survive and replicate will vary across different microenvironments. Moreover, much like beavers (or oak trees) shape their environment, so do tumor cells through communication—locally and distally—with both cancer cells and non-cancer cells. And the ecology of the body also matters with respect to how well tumor cells can survive therapeutic treatments and disperse (metastasize). The increasing specialization of academia is a natural consequence of the growth of disciplines: no one has the capacity to be an expert in everything or even everything within biology or even subfields within biology. And yet this increasing specialization impedes communication across sci¬entists studying interdisciplinary topics, such as the ecology and evolution of cancer. The first two decades of this century have seen more communication between evolutionary biol¬ogists and cancer biologists. The interplay between these two groups has not yet reached its full potential, but there are clear signs of progress across several realms, such as the establishment of a cancer evolution working group by the American Association for Cancer Research. Communication between ecologists and cancer biologists has generally lagged further behind the burgeoning connec¬tivity between evolutionary biologists and cancer researchers, but some green shoots are sprouting. This book is the fruit of seeds planted at a 2019 satellite meeting on cancer and evolution spon¬sored by the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution and organized by Jeff Townsend and Jason A. Somarelli. It was at this meeting where we met: Somarelli, a molecular biologist and cancer researcher, and Johnson, an evolutionary geneticist and science writer. Herein, we aim to sow more seeds of conversation and collaboration and to provide exciting and thought-provoking examples where the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, and cancer research can come together. We begin with a bit of a roadmap, first with an overview of the intersection of the three fields, followed by an understanding of the influence of therapy on cancer evolution and ecology and the genetic underpinnings of tumor evolution. Next, we provide a series of chapters on molecular evolu¬tion of cancer, including the connections between cancer and multicellularity, phenotypic plasticity in cancer, and cancer genetics. Then, we transition to ecology, covering cancer-immune system cross-talk, and the potential for landscape genetics, island biogeography, and invasive species ecol¬ogy to inform cancer research and vice versa. The last section covers the relationship of cancer to multicellular life through comparative oncology and a discussion of ways in which comparative oncology can be leveraged to speed translation of new therapeutic strategies for cancer. Finally, we attempt to synthesize how viewing cancer through an ecological and evolutionary lens may benefit cancer researchers, ecologists, and evolutionary biologists alike. We hope this book encourages oth¬ers to engage across disciplines for new solutions to benefit the lives of patients and their families.