دانلود کتاب مبانی حسگرهای زیستی، فناوری‌های نوظهور و کاربردها

The story was started in 1956 by the invention of a glucose biosensor based on the electrochemical detection of oxygen, in which the critical role was attributed to Clark’s oxygen electrode. Interestingly, before this invention, when Prof. Leland Clark tried to publish the results of his frst bubble oxygenator, his manuscript was rejected by the journal’s editor because it could not measure oxygen tension rising from the oxygenator. However, that did not stop him, motivating him to expose the oxygen electrode. Since his invention, the Clark electrode has been used in countless biosensing systems to detect numerous analytes associated with clinical, food, envi­ronmental, and other settings. Historically Clark’s oxygen electrode was the mile­stone in developing novel biosensing concepts used for all scientifc felds. Over the years, the fundamental sciences have improved the modern technological devices that have accelerated the developments of basic sciences. As a result of this progres­sion, since the introduction of the frst generation of glucose biosensors by Clark, new transduction systems and novel bioreceptors such as antibodies, whole cells, nucleic acids, aptamers, etc. have been introduced and have been manipulated for the detection of many different kinds of targets. However, portable, affordable, user-friendly, and integrated biosensing systems have been adequately used in people’s services despite all these manipulations. Furthermore, there is an increasing need to integrate miniaturized electronics and biological/synthetic/engineered bioreceptors in a chip smaller than a pinhead.

The need for such portable diagnostic tools is vitally important for developing countries that do not possess modern laboratory facilities. Apart from these, per­sonalization in medicine also requires rapid and portable biosensing concepts to be progressed by keeping up with technological progress. There is no doubt that nano­materials have introduced new opportunities to develop biosensors that enable detec­tion of trace amounts of target analytes economically, rapidly, and with only a small required sample volume. So, nanomaterials play a key role in any developmental processes that involve biosensors, biochips, and high throughput arrays. Moreover, the revolutionary advances in microfabrication technologies have allowed the devel­opment of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and micro total analysis systems (μTAS), which are miniaturized and integrated biosensors in microfuidic-based chips. The integration of biosensors with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanomaterials has resulted in numerous miniaturized biosensing systems that could be performed to detect any targets coming from clinical, food industry, environmental, and other felds. Although there have been enormous advances in this feld, there is still a need for convenient and affordable biosensing systems. This situation can be turned into an opportunity to make actual scientifc progress.