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The top priority of a nuclear power plant (NPP) is safety. Indeed, safety is a ubiquitous concern over the whole life cycle of an NPP, from its design to decommissioning. But in a complex large-scale system with a huge number of components such as an NPP, it is not easy to identify all vulnerabilities and achieve a perfect level of safety. As the TMI-2, Chernobyl, and Fukushima severe accidents demonstrated, an NPP emergency does not occur by a single cause but rather by a complicated combination of hardware, software, human operators, decision-makers, and so on. Research has revealed that human error takes up more than half of core damage frequency, a common risk metric, and it is also known that human factors were the direct or indirect cause of most nuclear accidents in history.
One of the approaches to enhance the safety of NPPs is to develop operator support systems to reduce latent human errors by optimizing the operators’ required work-load or automating some portion of their tasks. In fact, research into the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to NPPs has been performed for decades, but few develop-ments have actually been reflected in real NPPs. Despite this though, AI technology is now being particularly highlighted again due to increases in data processing and advancements in hardware design, graphics processing units, and related methods. This has led to an explosive growth in recent years of research related to AI tech-niques in the nuclear industry. Such global efforts toward applying AI techniques to NPPs may result in better performance than conventional methods based on the characteristics of NPPs, such as complexity in operation, dynamic behaviors, and high burden in decision-making.
This book is divided into nine chapters. In the first part, Chaps. 1 and 2,the framework of the autonomous NPP and the fundamentals of AI techniques are introduced. Chapter 1 suggests a high-level framework for an autonomous NPP including the functional architecture of the autonomous operation systems. This chapter defines multiple levels and sub-functions necessary for automating oper-ator tasks. The framework consists of monitoring, autonomous control, the human– autonomous system interface, and the intelligent management of functions. Chapter 2 provides fundamental explanations of the various AI techniques appearing in the book as an overview. In Chaps. 3–6, the essential methods necessary for developing operator support systems and autonomous operating systems are introduced. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 apply various AI-based techniques for the monitoring of NPPs including signal vali-dation, diagnosis of abnormal situations, and prediction of plant behavior using both supervised and unsupervised learning methods. Chapter 6 presents AI applications for autonomous control using reinforcement learning for both normal and emergency situations along with domain analysis methods.
Lastly, in Chaps. 7 and 8, applications are introduced. Chapter 7 provides an example of an integrated autonomous operating system for a pressurized water reactor that implements the suggested framework. Lastly, Chap. 8 deals with the interac-tion between operators and the autonomous systems. Even though the autonomous operation systems seek to minimize operator interventions, supervision and manual control by human operators are inevitable in NPPs for safety reasons. Thus, the last chapter addresses the design of the human–autonomous system interface and oper-ator support systems to reduce the task burden of operators as well as increase their situational awareness in a supervisory role.
This book is expected to provide useful information for researchers and students who are interested in applying AI techniques in the nuclear field as well as other indus-tries. Various potential areas of AI applications and available methods were discussed with examples. Traditional approaches to recent applications of AI were examined. In addition, the specific techniques and modeling examples provided would be infor-mative for beginners in AI studies. While the focus of this book was the autonomous operation of NPPs with AI, the methods addressed here would also be applicable to other industries that are both complex and safety-critical.