دانلود کتاب مقدمه ای مدرن بر فیزیک ذرات

1.1 Fundamental Forces

Particle physics is concerned with the fundamental constituents of matter and the fundamental “forces” through which the fundamental constituents interact among themselves. Until about 1932, only four particles, namely the proton (p), the neutron(n), the electron (e) and the neutrino () were regarded as the ultimate constituents of matter.