دانلود کتاب ساختارها و عملکردهای RNA رتروویروسی

Retroviruses, which are single-stranded RNA viruses of positive polarity, have been identified in various vertebrate groups but not in invertebrates. Retroviruses originated with their aquatic vertebrate hosts at least 450 million years ago and have evolved through interactions with them. Retroviruses have contributed to vertebrate evolutionary processes. The most prominent example in host evolution is the formation of the placenta in the ancestors of placental mammals through several independent retroviral infections. Retroviruses are divided into two subfamilies (Orthoretrovirinae and Spumaretrovirinae). Spumaretroviruses infect a wide variety of mammals and are generally non-pathogenic. In contrast, retroviruses belonging to the Orthoretrovirinae subfamily are often responsible for pathologies in the vertebrates they infect. From the beginning of the 20th century until the beginning of the 1980s, in order to elucidate the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, numerous studies were focused on avian and murine retroviruses that induce leukemia and cancer in their hosts. These studies led to the discovery of oncogenes, contributing to the understanding of the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and the characterization of the stages of the retrovirus replicative cycle. In addition, they have enabled fundamental scientific and technological advances in biology through the discovery of reverse transcriptase and the use of retroviral vectors in the analysis of gene expression. Since its discovery in 1983, HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, has been the main focus of retrovirology research.