دانلود کتاب میکروبیوم انسانی در سلامت و بیماری – بخش A

Among biological entities studied by microbiologists, microorganisms, the unicellular microscopic living entities, displayed incredible diversity both in terms of their structure and functional potency. Based on the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNA gene and unique enzymatic functions, the microscopic organisms are classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. They are ubiquitously colonized on the surfaces of living and non-living substances distributed across the planet. The term “Microbiome” refers to the assemblage of a complex community of microbiota and their biomolecules occupying a well-defined habitat in or on living or non-living objects. Like other living organisms, the environmentally exposed surfaces of the human body habitat are also colonized with thousands of microbial taxa from all three domains of life. Multitudes of symbiotics, commensals, and pathogenic microbes are isolated and identified from the skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tracts, and reproductive tracts. The rapid development of nucleic acids sequencing technology and computational biology tremendously helped to identify and characterize complex microbial communities associated with any specific ecosystem without cultivating the microorganisms. In the last 20 years, microbiologists, clinicians, mathematicians, and computational biologists have demonstrated how crucial these microbes are for our health, metabolism, development, behavior, adaptation, and evolution.