دانلود کتاب کاربردهای نانوتکنولوژی در کشف و تحویل دارو

The emergence of nanotechnology as a platform has revolutionized the science of patient therapy. Multifarious applications of nanotechnology in drug discovery, drug delivery, and diagnosis have paved the way for exciting avenues leading toward the advancement of conventional techniques. Nanotechnology involves the creation and utilization of materials in the nano dimensions (1_1000 nm) (Shah et al., 2020). Nanomaterials have been widely used for diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications. The drugs that are currently being discovered and clinically utilized for various disorders, including cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and arthritis, are synthesized on the basis of their promising in silico, in vitro, or in vivo activity. The foremost reason behind the failure of a large number of drugs is their lack of optimum absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) characteristics (Gupta et al., 2020). This contributes to severe bioavailability challenges, which in turn lead to increases in the dose and dosing frequency. This further increases the propensity of adverse effects and toxicities, which lead to the failure of drugs in practice. Additionally, crossing biological barriers, such as the skin, mucosa, and blood-brain barrier (BBB), by conventional drugs, are rarely possible. The occurrence of resistance in various disorders, such as cancer, microbial and infections, renders the drug scaffold ineffective, leading to the failure of a whole class of drugs. The answer to these challenges lies with the advent of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology involves the utilization of nanoparticles which not only aim to address the ADME issues, but also provide solutions for a higher dose and dosing frequency along with bioavailability challenges. Nanoparticles have the ability to be targeted to specific organs, tissues, and cells via surface functionalization principles (Thorp et al., 2020). Within the last 10 years, about 40,450 reports have been published on nanoparticles for drug delivery, along with 96 clinical trials, while for diagnostics, about 46,233 reports have been published, along with 304 clinical trials. A wide variety of nanoparticles are used in drug discovery and drug delivery; however, there has been no guidance or protocols as to which type of nanoparticles are deemed fit for a specific function. This has caused the emergence of an unresolved dilemma amongst researchers. The scenario exhibits a need of investigating the characteristics of each and every type of nanoparticle to make the most appropriate choice for the desired attributes. This chapter aims to resolve the unanswered ambiguity by emphasizing the characteristics of the nanoparticles that dictate the choice of nanoparticles for their best-fit roles in drug discovery and drug delivery with an attempt to speed up the clinical translation of nanotechnology-based products.