دانلود کتاب راهنمای ارزیابی، مشخصات و طراحی کندانسور سنکرون برای سیستم قدرت با غلبه ژنراتورهای اینرسی کم یا صفر

As part of carbon emission reduction initiatives, many countries have adopted policies to increase the installed capacity of renewable generation, based on Solar and Wind technologies, to either supplement or replace existing thermal generation. Wind and Solar have proven to be the most economical choices up to this point in time and have been deployed en-masse at both transmission and distribution voltage levels. System owners/operaters, market regulators and wider stakeholders now increasingly appreciate the impacts that the generation transition’ is having on the power system. The displacement of traditional synchronous machines with various forms of power electronic (PE) interfaced energy sources is contributing to fundamental changes in power system steady¬ state and dynamic behaviour, including: Reducing levels of system inertia Reducing levels of system strength1 (with fault level / short circuit power typically used as a general proxy) Reducing levels of synchronising and damping torque components which impact on the interaction of remaining synchronous machines. Significant reductions in system inertia will impact network frequency control capability. At low inertia levels, there is likely to be a need to increase and possibly improve primary frequency control capabilities. The ability of under-frequency load shedding and/or over-frequency generation shedding schemes to operate correctly following transient events is also likely to be impeded if ‘minimum’ levels of inertia are not maintained. An inability to maintain adequate system strength’ will have multiple negative impacts on the power system including: Reduced voltage regulation capability (higher sensitivity to changes in P and Q flows throughout the network) Operation of power electronic (PE) based equipment closer to minimum acceptable short circuit ratios (SCR) potentially impacting on fault ride through performance and other system critical dynamic behaviours Significant alterations to the harmonic impedance profile of the network which may result in undesirable power quality outcomes Low level of fault current that will reliably trigger impedance and over-current based protection schemes. One mitigation strategy seeing resurgence in popularity is the deployment of Synchronous Condensers. This synchronous condenser-based solution can counteract many of the issues outlined above. The design of modern synchronous condensers can be optimised to address selected or a broad range of network needs depending on the situation at hand. Increasingly, off the shelf designs1 will not be sufficient to address specific network issues. This will require anyone looking to purchase a synchronous condenser solution to understand not only what is technically possible, but also what trade-offs may exist in the design and construction of synchronous condenser plant including corresponding cost impacts. The instant response to fault conditions, weak inertial conditions and high reactive VAR support makes the synchronous condenser a perfect choice in combination with other generation.