دانلود کتاب احساس، تفکر و صحبت کردن – چگونه مغز تجسم یافته ارتباطات روزمره را شکل می دهد

I entered graduate school in 1983 with an interest in the human mind/brain and how it interacts with other humans to construct and discover meaning. As I learned the theories and methods of the empirical/behavioral approach to communication taught at Stanford, I was repeatedly dismayed at the neglect of the cognitive processes through which messages are created and understood, a neglect that was then common to all the social sciences. At that time, the brain was still considered an impenetrable “black box”: The proper conduct of inquiry was to study the relationship of “inputs” to “outputs,”1 without futile speculation about what might happen between. At that time, in the early 1980s, computation, and particularly artificial intelligence (AI), was entering its glory days. I had what now seems like the good fortune to enter the communication discipline without having ever taken a single course in the subject. This has allowed me to approach the subject matter innocent of the taken-for-granted assumptions and verities, to read the research and examine the data on their own terms. I was especially fascinated by theories that examine mind and its interaction with meaning. I had already become first enthusiastic, then disappointed by Freud, then by Jung. One by one I became intrigued by, adopted, then became disappointed by information theory, AI,2 and other instantiations of what I have come to think of as “the computer metaphor.” Like many other students and scholars of the era, I was deeply impressed with Shannon and Weaver’s (1949) exposition of information theory, but I disregarded Wilbur Schramm’s advice to “read Weaver first.” When I finally did read Weaver, the contrast between his speculations and Shannon’s elegant mathematics led me to disillusionment (and my first academic publication,3 which later led to my first book4). I explored several including various versions of co-orientation theory and “mental spaces.” I came to realize that all these approaches disregard the fact that messages are both originated and understood by evolved biological brains, though it took many more years of reading and study to realize the extent to which a biological brain is embedded in a biological body, how different a biological brain is from a computer, and how important that difference is. At about that same time, I encountered the idea of perceptual simulation in Shepard’s5 research on mental rotation and began to read all I could find on this and related topics. I also encountered Lakoff and Johnson’s6 theory of conceptual metaphors, though it would be over a decade before I was able to realize fully what could be done with it. Along the way, I also became deeply skeptical of one-variable explanations for human experience and behavior, communication in particular. Competition, power, sexuality all play a role, as do cooperation, curiosity, play, empathy, and imagination – among many other factors. My dissertation, applying an abstract co-orientation model to social power, convinced me that the social and cultural context is central, not incidental. Working with mentors – especially Steve Chaffee, Don Roberts, and Mary Anne Fitzpatrick – convinced me that social interaction is a crucial component shaping both the origination and the interpretation of signals, a component none of the linear models I had found so intriguing could successfully incorporate. When Ray Gibbs introduced me to Lynne Cameron and Dynamic Discourse Analysis, the pieces began to fall into place. Robin Dunbar’s7 evidence that language is fundamentally about social relationships rather than ecological information provided the final catalyst.