دانلود کتاب 5000 سال هندسه – ریاضیات در تاریخ و فرهنگ

Geometry (from the Greek word for ‘measuring the Earth’, the modern scientific discipline of which is now called geodesy), branch of science which deals with regular patterns, shapes and solids, was one of the first human attempts, after counting, to concern themselves with the emerging science mathematics. This is evident from the spirals on megalithic graves, incisions in stone and patterns on clay fragments. In this book, you will learn how geometry has developed over the millennia from these earliest origins in distant times and much more. Geometry is an indispensible aid for building and surveying, and became an axiomatic science of plane and spatial shapes in Ancient Greece. It served as a basis for astronomical observations and calculations, for Islamic decorative art, and the building of medieval Christian cathedrals. Furthermore we will look at the discovery of perspective and its application in Renaissance art, at the disputes regarding the Euclidean parallel postulate, the discovery of non-Euclidean geometries in the 19th century, and, finally, the theory of infinite-dimensional spaces and contemporary computer graphics. This book is edited by the project group “History of Mathematics” at the University of Hildesheim as part of the series Vom Z¨ahlstein zum Computer (From Pebbles to Computers). Other titles in this series published by Springer Publishing Heidelberg are: 4000 Jahre Algebra (4000 Years of Algebra) [Alten et al. 2003], and 6000 Jahre Mathematik (6000 Years of Mathematics) [Wusing, in two volumes 2008/09]. To the series ‘From Pebbles to Computers’ two video films have been produced (University of Hildesheim): ‘Mathematik in der Geschichte – Altertum’ (Mathematics in History – Antiquity) [Wesem ¨uller-Kock/Gottwald 1998] and ‘Mathematik in der Geschichte – Mittelalter ’ (Mathematics in History – Middle Ages) [Wesem¨uller-Kock/Gottwald 2004]. Following multiple reprints and the second edition in 2004 we now present the third edition of 5000 Jahre Geometrie including new research results on circular ditches in the Stone Age and the Nebra Sky Disk, as well as many illustrations in colour. In this book, we will reflect on the development of geometry as part of our cultural history over the course of five millennia. Both authors have succeeded in portraying the origins and growth of this branch of mathematics, which is often thought of as dry and jejune, in a tremendously lively manner. They uncover the origins and impulses for the development of geometric notions and methods, and present how they are related to historical events and personal fates. Moreover, they describe the applications of geometrical knowledge and methods in other areas and the interdependencies that resulted from them. Finally, they emphasize their importance for other disciplines.