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In 2010, a small startup called dotCloud was struggling in the competitive Platform-as-a-Service market. What they didn’t know was that they were actually about to change the tech world. Headed by Solomon Hykes, the dotCloud team developed an in-house tool for managing Linux containers that were meant to improve their system but soon became so much more. Linux Containers are a kind of operating system-level virtualization, running multiple independent Linux environments on one machine. LXC shares the host machine’s kernel with each one, which gives a leaner alternative to a virtual machine, yet maintains process, file system, and network space isolation. LXC utilizes cgroups (control groups) and namespaces to manage and limit resources, producing a virtualization experience similar to running natively on an underlying system without the overhead of a full hypervisor. Hykes introduced Docker at PyCon in March 2013. He received an immediate and enthusiastic response from the developers because Docker suggested a solution for how to more easily create, deploy, and run applications consistently in any environment. A key innovation in Docker was its capability to bundle an application and its dependencies in a standardized unit, that is, containing libraries, dependencies, configuration files, and runtime environment—in a consistent format, which is also called a container. This alone solved the age-old developer headache: “It works on my machine!” As Docker became popular, dotCloud shifted direction. They renamed it to Docker, Inc., and now focused exclusively on creating the Docker ecosystem. The project gained momentum very quickly: Docker Hub was launched in 2014, providing a central location for images of containers. In 2015, Docker Swarm followed with the native orchestration of containers. Docker Enterprise Edition was released in 2017 to suit the needs of businesses. Docker was a total shift in software development. It made containerization and microservices architecture more popular and drastically changed how companies develop and deploy applications. It was not always smooth. Docker, Inc. had financial difficulties that forced it to sell its Enterprise business in 2019, although the core Docker technology remained very influential. Today, Docker is at the heart of many development workflows. This story exemplifies how an internal tool can become an industry-shaping technology through the uptake and contribution of an open source community. As we explore containers throughout this book, we’ll learn about the story of Docker in the background. It’s a reminder that radical solutions have humble beginnings, and when the timing is right, they have the power to transform whole industries. Docker defines container as follows: A container is a standard unit of software that packages up code and all its dependencies, so the application runs quickly and reliably from one computing environment to another. A Docker container image is a lightweight, standalone, executable package of software that includes everything needed to run an application: code, runtime, system tools, system libraries, and settings.