Thermal energy (or heat) is required for the manufacture of products in process plants (such as desalination, chemicals, food and beverage, mineral processing, oil and gas, paper and pulp, petroleum refining, petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals) and power plants. Some of the energy used in these plants is wasted for one reason or another. Hence, waste heat recovery (WHR) and its effective reuse are essential for improving energy efficiency and sustainability of process and power plants. This has encouraged the existing/operating plants to implement WHR projects. Despite these projects and efforts, further WHR is needed in existing and new plants due to the increasing concerns related to carbon (dioxide) emissions and climate change as well as because of developments in techniques, technologies and equipment for WHR.
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