دانلود کتاب گروه بازنرمال‌سازی و فیزیک ماده چگال

The renormalization group ideas of Kenneth G. Wilson began transforming the landscape of condensed matter physics a bit more than 50 years ago. Some of Wilson’s ideas can be traced back to the work of Gell-Mann and Low on understanding quantum electrodynamics at small distances in the mid 1950s However, Gell-Mann and Low’s perspective was an ultraviolet one, and Wilson wanted instead to focus on the infrared physics of large distances and long time scales, stimulated by the diverging correlation lengths and critical slowing down observed at critical points that commonly occur in condensed matter physics and physical chemistry. In fact, Wilson soon recognized that not just critical points but entire phases of matter can be described by a universal, coarse-grained long wavelength theory. For example, Wilson argued that Landau’s hydrodynamic treatment of magnets far from critical points was itself representative of a particularly simple renormalization group fixed point. A similar perspective is possible for the hydrodynamic equations governing fluid mechanics, derived in the nineteenth century. By integrating out the high frequency, short wavelength modes associated with microscopic degrees of freedom, one should be able to arrive at, for example, the Navier-Stokes equations. One does not have to be at a critical point to have universal physical laws, insensitive to microscopic details. A successful hydrodynamic theory packages ignorance about the precise microscopic details into a few coarse-grained parameters describing a hydrodynamic fixed point, such as the density and viscosity of an incompressible fluid described by the Navier-Stokes equations. The same universal theory applies, with suitable restrictions, to fluids composed of water, toluene, benzene, air and many other substances.