دانلود کتاب قانون مصرف کنندگان انرژی

According to ancient Greek mythology, the Titan Prometheus, feeling sorry for the unfair state and darkness in which humankind lived, stole the fire from Zeus, the supreme ruler of the Gods. He gave it as a gift to humanity, bringing progress and enlightenment. For this generous act, Zeus punished Prometheus and chained him to a rock, where every day an eagle came to eat his liver, which would grow again by the next day, endlessly tormenting the Titan. After many years, luckily for him and humankind, Hercules, the hero, half-god, half-human, came to his aid, killed the eagle and freed Prometheus from the chains.1
This legend introduces the topic and objective of this work. Scientists, entrepreneurs, engineers, innovators (Prometheus) have created new technologies (the fire) that today allows consumers (humanity) to no longer be dependent on large energy companies (Zeus) to supply them with electricity. These new technolo-gies enable them to generate, in situ, their energy, manage their energy needs and interact actively with the electricity system in a sustainable manner (enlightenment). However, these emerging technologies and business models face multiple obstacles, including financial, technical, institutional, cultural and legal challenges (eagle and chains). The twenty-first Century Prometheus deserves to be free from chains and be reunited with humankind because everyone should have access to fire, both humanity and the Gods. The question that remains is, who will be Hercules? Who will take on the responsibility of removing the chains that limit innovation and restrict consumers in managing their own energy needs?
The electricity sector is on the verge of significant change because of technological innovation, together with distrust in conventional energy companies and increasing awareness of climate change. Such a shift implies a more active role for consumers who can generate and manage their energy supply and trade or store their energy surplus. The expression used to describe this situation is ‘energy prosumer’. This term refers to the combination of production and consumption in one entity, the prosumer. New technologies and business models, such as distributed generation, peer-to-peer trading, smart grids, demand-side management and energy storage, offer a brilliant opportunity for making energy prosumers a reality. This emerging model could lead to enormous benefits including enhancing energy security, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, improved sustainability and efficiency, energy democracy, a more economical and efficient energy supply service and a growth in customer benefits.
Nevertheless, the rise of energy prosumers brings new challenges to legal systems. Current legal systems underpin the traditional electricity supply, which was estab-lished based on a clear distinction between consumers and producers. The emerging and overlapping roles of energy prosumers create uncertainty, legal gaps and ques-tions for the current legal system, resulting in outdated regulation and regulatory disconnections. Such disconnection is the gap between the emerging technologies that bring a new set of values and possibilities and the applicable regulations which cannot adapt fast enough to the changing circumstances. As a result, we do not know what new legislation and regulation are needed or what the role of law should be. Thus, the question of how to adapt the present legal system or whether there is a need to create a new one is now open for debate.
This book focuses its attention in three countries with liberalised electricity markets to help understand some of the current legal approaches to prosumers. The three selected countries are the Netherlands, New Zealand and Colombia. Such diverse and geographically distant countries were chosen to analyse how electricity systems and legal frameworks experiencing different energy policy challenges are responding to the new technologies that enable a more active role for consumers.
On one hand, New Zealand is a developed country with a small population distributed throughout the territory whose primary centralised energy generation resource is hydropower with immense renewable energy potential. On the other hand, Colombia is a developing country with a much larger population concentrated in the big cities, and a small proportion of citizens living in off-grid areas. As with New Zealand, hydropower is the main energy resource, and the country also has significant renewable energy potential.