دانلود کتاب انقلاب یونان و تولد خشونت آمیز ملی گرایی

theodore kolokotronis is not the subject of this book but he is a good way to introduce it. Kolokotronis was a commander of the Christian forces during the Greek Revolution, and today he is celebrated as a national hero. Rightly so: he was prob ably the most talented strategist of the Greek revolutionary era, rivaled only by his nemesis, Ibrahim pasha of Egypt. He lends his name to countless streets across Greece and his statue overlooks town squares. As a statue he is permanent and inevitable, like so many statues that oversee squares the world over. He has a determined frown. He knows where he is going, to Greek independence, and he points the way with an extended fin ger or sword, or leads with one foot forward. He was more in ter est ing than that. He was all about motion, choices, uncertainties, and surprises to which he adjusted, until he made the final transformation: he abandoned the empires he had served most of his life and became a Greek in the nationstate of Greece. He was change itself.1 For most of his life Kolokotronis was known as Little Theodore (Thodorakis). Thodorakis is familiar and afectionate. It is a diminutive that captures something of the prerevolutionary setting of clans, friendships, loyalties, clientelism, loathing, and conspiracy that come from personal knowledge and intimacy. He was very much a man of the Morea ( today the Peloponnese), specifically its western coast. His friends and collaborators were both Christians and Muslims, and so were his enemies. In 1821 he used his networks of clan and region to carry out the Revolution and help create a nation- state that superseded the networks of clan and region and put an end to Islam in the region. From that time he became Theodore (Theodoros), the formal rendering of his name that befitted a man who would become a statue, the leader of a nation that seemed eternal as soon as it was created. And so he was fixed, as Theodore, in the history books, coins, stamps, coloring books, and board games. His life of choices and risks is lost; the circumstances and conjunctures that made Greece are also lost. This book aims to recover the uncertainty that preceded the Greek Revolution and made the Revolution, and Greece, a surprise. Kolokotronis was born an Ottoman subject in 1770. Like his father and grand father before him, Kolokotronis was a bandit for hire in the Ottoman Morea, working for Christians and Muslims alike. He was a man of his region and he was also an imperial creature, traveling easily from employer to employer. This was an age of empires, and there was no shame or treason in changing patrons. It was, at worst, a breach of contract.