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In Th e Future of Human Space Exploration , Giovanni Bignami and Andrea Sommariva present a discussion of a very challenging topic: that of exploration. For the space community, exploration lies at the very core of space activity and brings together technology and science at the highest level. Exploration, whether robotic or human, requires that we think about possible eff ects that extend far beyond our day-to-day experience. Th e book focuses on all aspects of exploration, ranging from history, launcher and propulsion systems and spacecraft, to possible activities beyond science such as mining in the universe. It also covers the crucial aspects of human spacefl ight. Large parts of the book are written in such a way as to give even the less-informed reader a clear understanding of the subject. At the same time, those already with an in-depth understanding can fi nd detailed information about the physics that provides the background to these activities. Th e most challenging part of exploration is neither the technology nor the science. Rather, it is to convince those organisations that handle public money to invest in exploration. Th e problem is that exploration is looking into the unknown and therefore cannot seriously promise a direct return on investment on Earth. However, examples from the past show that all exploration missions have had additional eff ects beyond their initial scientifi c purpose. For example, it was investigations of Venus that disclosed the greenhouse eff ect on Earth (better known as “climate change”). For the Rosetta mission, a special camera was developed that was able to diff erentiate between diff erent shades of grey on the comet. Th is technology is now used for early forest-fi re detection by observing forests and indicating smoke vapour or fog. In addition, exploration missions are usually organised in an international framework able to bridge earthly confl icts. A fi rst-rate example of this is the International Space Station in which astronauts and cosmonauts from the USA, Russia, Canada, Japan and Europe all work together very successfully. However, as such results are not the main objectives of exploration, there is a constant need to continue making the case for it.