دانلود کتاب کامپیوتر – تاریخچه مختصری از ماشینی که جهان را تغییر داد

The computer may be the greatest technological and scientific innovation of modern times. The computer has changed how we work, how we organize and store information, how we communicate with each other, and even the way that we think about the universe and the human mind. Computers have alleviated the drudgery of calculating sums and clerical work, and they have become essential tools in all organizations. Computers have become ubiquitous in many aspects of everyday life, and the future trend is that computers will become ever more powerful, more commonplace, and easier to use. This book tells the story of this evolution. The story of the computer began long ago. Many ancient civilizations sought ways to automate mathematics. The clay tablets of Babylon, the Roman and Chinese abaci, the mechanical adders of Pascal in the 1640s, and the steam-powered devices imagined by Charles Babbage in the nineteenth century all led toward the modern computer. World War II provided the impetus for the development of the electronic digital computer. After the war, the Cold War security and defense needs of the United States drove the development of computing technology. These advances principally occurred in the United States: the “giant brains” of the SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) early warning system included an interactive interface, the connecting of computers across the country in ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) led to the internet, and the miniaturization of circuitry for use in space and missile technology encouraged the development of integrated circuits.