دانلود کتاب راهنمای جامع مددکاری اجتماعی دامپزشکی بین رشته ای

Historically, concern for animals during disasters has focused on issues related to their importance as secure food sources, such as in the case of poultry and cattle, and their potential to lead to outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as cholera and anthrax, as the consequence of the illness and death of roaming animals (Federal Emergency Management Agency, n.d.). It was not until Hurricane Katrina in 2005 that the nation became attuned to the lack of protection for animals during major natural disasters and the importance of the human-animal bond (Wan, 2006). Indeed, not only are pets often considered to be members of the family, but for some indi¬viduals, pets can represent extensions of the self (Hill et al., 2007; Serpell, 2003). Forty-four percent of individuals who refused to evacuate during the storm remained in place because they did not want to abandon their pets, which were initially denied entrance into New Orleans’ emergency shelters (Bruillard, 2017). Even so, it has been estimated that more than 100,000 pets were left behind, and perhaps as many as 70,000 died. The trauma suffered by those forced to leave their animals behind was made all the more evident by the scene captured by the Associated Press of a young boy whose small, white dog Snowball was confiscated by a police officer as the boy boarded an evacuation bus; the child was so traumatized by and cried so hard at the loss of his beloved animal that he vomited (Associated Press, 2005, 2010). Cindy Meyers, then-board president of the Humane Society of Southeast Texas in Beaumont, castigated those responsible for the evacuation effort for their failure to recognize that pets are family members and need to be evacuated with their families (Associated Press, 2005). Importantly, the lack of attention to the needs of animal family members during the Hurricane Katrina evacuation efforts and the consequent trauma to individuals and communities highlighted how the accommodation of pets in emergencies can actually enhance human safety and well-being (Leonard and Scammon, 2007).
The traumatic scenes of families being separated from their pets and the pain caused by their inability to later find them prompted the bipartisan promulgation of the federal Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act (PETS) in 2006, amending the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (1988). PETS provides for the availability of federal disaster relief contingent on states’ planning for the needs of people with service animals and/or pets and specifi¬cally authorizes the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to provide rescue, care, shelter, and essential needs for individuals with household pets and service animals, and to the household pets and animals themselves following a major disaster or emergency.