دانلود کتاب پیوند جابه جایی تعارض آب و هوا از دیدگاه امنیت انسانی

Climate change, migration, and conflict are age-old phenomena that started even before the birth of human civilization in its present form. Fossil and archaeological evidence suggest that modern humans moved out of Africa into Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas between 50,000 and 150,000 years ago. Beginning over 120,000 years ago, wild climatic swings triggered waves of human migration every 20,000 years, corresponding to periodic orbital variations. At the end of last glacial, Homo sapiens arrived in their new settings and outcompeted their near relatives – Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) and Homo erectus – who became extinct ultimately. In those times, migration was not limited by national boundaries.