دانلود کتاب سینکروترون نور – سفر فیزیکی از آزمایشگاه به کیهان

The initial idea for a book on synchrotron light—namely radiation from accelerated charges moving at close to the speed of light—arose from a series of lectures by one of us. These were prepared and delivered by Daniele during 2012–2015, to students at Monash University (Melbourne, Australia). Daniele’s course presented the basics of synchrotronlight generation in terrestrial accelerators to upper-level undergraduate students of physics and engineering. In developing the lecture notes and related learning materials for this course, it became immediately clear that, despite the vast literature on the subject, the available resources at the appropriate level were surprisingly few, being scattered through various papers, book chapters, or lecture notes. In particular, the existing synchrotron-physics literature was felt to be either too technical or too qualitative. While these publications provided superb guidance to the preparation of Daniele’s lecture course, considerable work was required to bring the discussion to the right level. That was at least the impression of Daniele, who, perhaps na¨ıvely, was expecting an easier task given the level of maturity of the subject. ‘Somebody should really write a book at the right level’, he thought, ‘to bridge the gap between elementary accounts and research-level monographs’. Fast-forward a few years, to 2018. Both authors were discussing this very topic, during an experiment at the European Synchrotron (ESRF, Grenoble, France). It was, of course, clear to supportive colleagues that the ‘somebody’ best positioned to write such a book was the author of the Monash University lectures on the physics of synchrotron light. Now, good propositions are often short-lived. So it was, at that time, for this book idea. The notion resurfaced at the beginning of 2020, when a global pandemic forced many of us into home lockdown. Faced with the prospect of months in isolation, the book proposition became again, and suddenly, very real. In a vaguely surreal (in hindsight) video call, Daniele discussed with David the prospect of writing this book as a ‘lockdown project’. Daniele solicited a few suggestions from David, given the latter’s previous experience as a book author (D. M. Paganin, Coherent X-Ray Optics, Oxford University Press, 2006). David’s recollections of the same video call go something like this. He was pleased that Daniele wanted to write a book on the physics of synchrotron light, and gave both encouragement and practical advice regarding how to prepare a book proposal. He offered to give Daniele feedback on a draft proposal, but was rather surprised when, at the end of the video meeting, Daniele asked him to be a co-author. David found the opportunity both scary and appealing. After making it clear that he was no expert on the physics of synchrotron light, but would gladly learn what was needed if Daniele didn’t mind explaining certain basics to him, David agreed to join the project. The book was initially intended to be a slender refinement of the lecture notes Daniele had worked on previously. As the plan was being developed, however, it became evident that we wanted to write something at once accessible and significantly broader in scope. Both of us felt that limiting ourselves to traditional descriptions of accelerator-based synchrotron sources was too restrictive. In particular, at the beginning of the project we did not yet appreciate how pervasive the physics of synchrotron light is, in contemporary high-energy astrophysics. Despite our unduly limited first impressions of an ‘old’, largely settled subject on the basic physics of terrestrial synchrotron-light machines, the literature on astrophysical sources of synchrotron radiation—together with generalisations to non-electromagnetic forces, as well as quantum-mechanical aspects of synchrotron light—shows that there is much more to synchrotron physics than a cursory exploration of existing books on the subject might initially suggest. We decided, therefore, that our book would take an all-of-physics approach to synchrotron radiation. Our book is a journey, or rather, multiple possible journeys. Many areas of physics are covered, including, but not limited to, special relativity, classical electrodynamics, quantum theory, astrophysics, optical physics, classical mechanics, and computational physics. We have written our book so that students and practitioners of many disciplines within the physical sciences can benefit. We felt this approach to be sufficiently unusual, that we decided to add a dedicated section in the introductory chapter to the book, to explain the different paths that can be taken to study the subject, depending on the interest and level of the reader. We won’t further discuss the ‘multiplicity of pathways’ guidance given in the introductory chapter, here. Instead, we emphasise our wish that the variety of paths through the book will enable it to ‘speak to’—and, we daresay, bring together—a number of often-disconnected communities of learners. To choose just one example of our desire to write a book which connects scientific communities that in our view would benefit from strengthened ties, we hope our volume will be studied by both (i) those whose primary interest in the physics of synchrotron light is its application to purpose-built terrestrial synchrotron light sources, and (ii) those whose primary focus is astrophysical sources of synchrotron light. Our desire to reach several different communities in the quantitative physical sciences—together with the aim to write a book accessible to upper-level undergraduates in physics, engineering, and astronomy— raises an educational question regarding prerequisite knowledge. We could simply assume the reader to be well versed in the relevant formalism of the topics listed near the beginning of the previous paragraph, in particular with aspects of relativistic quantum mechanics, phase-space formulations of classical mechanics, chaos theory, quantum optics, highenergy physics, and so on. We felt that assuming such a breadth of background knowledge, while being commensurate with how pervasive the synchrotron-light concept is throughout the broader fabric of physics, would exclude a large fraction of readers. Instead, we opted to explain key aspects of the required background physics, as need arises in the text. One important exception is special relativity, which is front-endloaded in Chapter 2. We make this exception because, in our view, we can’t even begin to properly understand emission by ultra-relativistic charges, until we have a firm grounding in special relativity. We derive all core results from first principles, since we believe this to be essential to genuine physics understanding, and moreover because such an approach makes the book self-contained. Upper undergraduatelevel mathematical apparatus is used throughout. We do not shy away from rough derivations, for example on several occasions when our deliberately limited mathematical level makes this unavoidable. Moreover, we obtain some of our core results from more than one perspective, in order to develop a clarifying multiplicity of viewpoints. There are many equations in this book, but we always tie the mathematics firmly to underlying principles and concepts, often in the context of the broader fabric of physics. After all, mathematics is the language of nature, at least in the quantitative physical sciences. When underpinned by geometric and conceptual insights, we have the ingredients that are crucial to a deep understanding and appreciation of the physics of synchrotron light.