دانلود کتاب نظارت و تشخیص راکتورهای هسته‌ای نسل بعدی

Diagnostics of nuclear power reactors with noise analysis of process signals, primarily that of the neutron noise, have been developed over many decades. The research started as early as the 1960s, and the first pilot applications were made in the early 1970s. The main reactor types considered were the dominating light water reactors, pressurised water reactors (PWRs) and boiling water reactors (BWRs). Since its development in the 1970s, this technology has been crucial for light and heavy water reactors, aiding in early detection and identification of failures and operational parameter monitoring. It was seen already at the appearance of accelerator-driven subcritical systems (ADSs), which a couple of decades ago held the promise to become the next generation of nuclear power reactors, that the existing diagnostic methods for source-driven subcritical systems had to be revised and suited to the new systems. This concerned primarily the zero-power noise methods, such as the Feynman-alpha and Rossi-alpha methods for the measuring and online monitoring of the subcritical reactivity of the ADS during operation. The need for updating the traditional methods arose because of the differences between the traditional systems (stationary source with simple Poisson statistics) and the ADS (pulsed source with compound Poisson statistics). Apart from a few singular papers, power reactor diagnostic methods specifically for ADS were not investigated during that period. In the meantime, Generation-IV (Gen-IV) systems and small modular reactors (SMRs) took over the status of next generation systems. In many aspects, these systems also have differing characteristics from the traditional Gen-II or Gen-III reactors: fast energy spectrum, higher count rates, different range of the local component, different noise sources, different domains of the validity of the reactor kinetic approximations, etc. These differences concern in the first place the field of power reactor diagnostics. Yet, no similar studies were made regarding the tailoring or extending the diagnostic methods developed for the current fleet of Gen-II systems for the specific characteristics of Gen-IV reactors and SMRs, as was done for the development of zero-power noise methods for ADS. A major part of his book is devoted to an attempt to fill this gap. Naturally, the extension of zero-power noise methods for the future systems is also discussed from this perspective. One possible reason for the lack of such studies is the large variety of the planned designs and the fact that a majority of the designs are not yet fixed in sufficient detail. Further, since there is no operational experience with such reactors, not all the possible scenarios for faults to be detected or parameters to monitor are known. The types of designs are also evolving dynamically, which represents a further problem. To handle the situation, a few generic types of next generation reactors were selected, and the possible anomalies (noise sources) were extrapolated from the existing reactors. The corresponding diagnostic methods were developed and discussed from this perspective, and the properties of the various systems were analysed for power reactor noise diagnostics. No doubt, some of the problems discussed in this book might become obsolete already by the publication of this book. Nevertheless, efforts were made to capture the main characteristics of next generation reactors, which will persist despite the continuously changing landscape of new reactor designs. A final goal of this book is to increase the awareness of designers about the need of considering the application of monitoring and surveillance systems at a very early stage. As the designs of Gen-IV reactors, as well as small and medium modular reactors, evolve, integrating diagnostics from the design phase is vital to avoid retrofitting issues. By analysing the possibilities and effectiveness of noise diagnostics for the main types of new designs, the material in this book might contribute to earlier and more effective integration of noise diagnostic methods into the new designs.