دانلود کتاب مدل استاندارد پدیدارشناسی (فنومنولوژی)

We have dwelt upon the concept of phenomenon at length in our preamble. However, what is the use of phenomena that we make in Science? We ‘reduce’ them. Reductionism is the practice of analysing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of its simple or fundamental constituents, especially when this is deemed to provide a sufficient explanation. The SM is the current frontier of the reductionist approach in particle physics in order to understand matter and forces. This book is dedicated to understanding what the most basic building blocks of matter are and how they interact with each other. But this is just a starting point. The ultimate goal of such an endeavour is in fact a ToE which mathemat- ically describes these two elements (matter and forces) under all conditions. We might hope on aesthetic grounds for some kind of unification of particle physics leaving a theory with just one species of particle and one species of in- teraction. Such an idea is strongly hinted at by the progress of particle physics to date, wherein a vast array of phenomena has been distilled into a relatively few laws, e.g., all of the phenomena of electricity and magnetism now reside in a single theory. However, we cannot, of course, demand this of Nature if She does not want to cooperate. One could imagine a “Russian doll” scenario where matter continues to be found to have smaller and smaller constituents as we look on smaller and smaller scales ad infinitum. Philosophically we may worry, even in the case of a final ToE, why the particular fundamental matter and forces existing within it and the laws governing them are the ones Nature chooses. The answer to such a question, however, seems beyond the power of Science, even in principle. Indeed, the answer to this question appears to belong to the noumenal world. So, we do not bother with it here. In fact, the goal of achieving a complete mathematical description of Nature is per se such a thrilling experience that, as scientists, we are far too taken by understanding how it all came about to worry about asking ourselves why it did. Indeed, we should finally note that a reductionist approach able to ulti- mately formulate even a ToE in the simplest possible form does not imply that we will understand everything of the world surrounding us. In fact, for a start, we will not be able to understand why we can explain it. The leap between fundamental particles and interactions and how they combine into producing life, consciousness and ultimately our understanding of their behaviour, no matter how exciting this might be, is far too remote from the scope of particle physics. The latter only deals with the former and so we do here. This book is based largely on our personal training and research activities with various collaborators, whom we thank here collectively. We cannot in fact acknowledge them one by one, as the list would be far too long. However, we would like to single out here those who can be more closely associated with this book, for one reason or another. We thus thank in particular, in alphabetical order, A. Ballestrero, J.R. Ellis, N.J. Evans, E. Maina, R.G. Roberts, M.H. Seymour, C.H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, P.Z. Skands, W.J. Stirling and B.R. Webber. Finally, in addition to our own institutions, we would like to also thank CERN, where many parts of this book were worked upon. We are also grateful to S. Bradshaw for help with copyright issues.