دانلود کتاب اندازه گیری تابش خورشیدی و مادون قرمز

Solar radiation measurements are the basis for understanding Earth’s primary energy source. Studying the sun and applying this understanding has improved life on Earth since the dawn of history. Builders have taken advantage of their knowledge of the solar resource to incorporate daylight and space heating into their structures since the time of Greek city states, if not earlier. Today, solar-generating facilities that are 500 MW in size are in operation and larger facilities are under construction. The global photovoltaic market reached recent annual growth rates of almost 50 percent (IEA PVPS 2017). By 2016, the installation of facilities with 402,000 MW of peak solar-generating capacity globally had the equivalent annual power output of 70–80 coal power plants (REN21 2018). The world is fitfully preparing for the solar age when oil will be depleted and environmentally benign sources of energy will be needed to meet global energy demands sustainably. Today a wide variety of solar technologies are used, and new and improved solar technologies are being explored in the lab and tested in the field. The sun’s energy is free and available to everyone, and the technologies that turn solar irradiance into useable energy are dropping in price as the solar industry grows and production increases. Given the right financial structure, many solar technologies can find cost-effective markets. For example, a cost-effective project to replace kerosene lamps with photovoltaic (PV) panels and batteries in the Dominican Republic was successful (Perlin 1999). Since 1985, the Luz Solar Energy Generation Stations (SEGS) plants in California, with 354 MW of generating capacity, have produced electricity from solar thermal–electric power facilities (Kearney 1989; CEC 2018). The future for the solar industry is bright as sustainable energy generating facilities are deployed to meet the energy demands for the growing world population while reducing the deleterious effects of greenhouse gas emissions.