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The role of the gut is to digest and absorb nutrients and fluids; different parts of the gut have specific roles in this process. Reduction of functional intestinal area and transit time by surgically removing parts of the bowel impairs digestion and can lead to various degrees of malabsorption, resulting in chronic diarrhoea, steatorrhoea, macro- and micronutrient deficiencies, fluid losses, and electrolyte imbalances. Chronic intestinal failure (CIF) was recently defined by the European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN) [1] as “persistent reduction of the gut function below the minimum necessary for the absorption of macronutrients and/or water and electrolytes, such that intravenous supplementation (IVS) is required to maintain health and/or growth, in a patient who is metabolically stable,” whereas the term “intestinal insufficiency” (or “intestinal deficiency” for those languages where “insufficiency” and “failure” have the same meaning) describes the cases in which although the gut function is affected there is no need for IVS because the patient can compensate for the missing bowel length by various mechanisms (hyperphagia, dietary counselling, and nutritional, pharmacological, or surgical interventions). CIF is classified into five pathophysiological conditions, namely short bowel syndrome, intestinal fistula, intestinal dysmotility, mechanical obstruction, and extensive small bowel mucosal disease. Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a clinical condition that results from extensive surgical resection of the small bowel, with residual small bowel in continuity being less than 200 cm and is the primary cause of chronic intestinal failure—64.4% of cases.