دانلود کتاب گزارش های علمی و فنی – چگونه بنویسیم و تصویر کنیم

Scientists and technologists have to prepare reports on a variety of topics during their career. The task starts early during their postgraduate training when they have to prepare a dissertation describing results of a research project as a part of training in scientific approach and research methodology. Unfortunately, most scientists (and doctors, engineers and technologists) receive little formal training in writing. Apart from the lack of training, sometimes there is a lurking fear of the task of writing. Therefore, writing of reports is often disliked and the task is postponed as long as possible. The present book provides a practical approach to report writing from the stage of gathering information to preparation of the final draft. It is hoped that a step-by-step advice on tackling various tasks associated with report writing will remove or, at least, lessen the disliking of report writing. In the first chapter, the book introduces the readers to the nature of scientific and technical writing, focusing on its purpose and characteristics that set it apart from other forms of writing. Examples are given to explain the basic aim and approach of technical writing, of which report writing is an important part. The second chapter explains why some of us hesitate when faced with the task of writing. To overcome this hesitation, a stepwise approach to the task of writing is suggested. The various steps are illustrated with examples. The third chapter provides advice on preparation of specific parts of a report and lists their common shortcomings. The fourth chapter shows how to present data and illustrate the report. The major topics of the chapter include data types, data summarization and options in presentation of data as tables and figures. It is shown how to use commonly available computer software to prepare different types of tables and illustrations quite easily. We do not need the help of an artist anymore to draw figures like line drawings, bar charts, histograms, scatter diagrams, pie charts, flowcharts, etc. Also presented are suggestions about how to use commonly available computer programs to give visual shape to ideas, concepts, processes and cause and effect relations described in the text. The fifth and last chapter explains how to make a report more readable. Examples show how design and organization of text as well as choice of words and sentence structure affect readability of a report. Use of readability tests is explained as a screening system for checking comprehensibility of language used. Readers are alerted to some of the common pitfalls in writing like redundancy, overuse of nouns, noun chains, excessive use of passive voice, use of overlong sentences and ambiguity. In each case, examples are used to clarify the suggestions made. Checklists at the end of various chapters sum up the most important points of the respective chapters. Though the primary aim of the book is to provide help in report writing, it can be used as a help in tackling other forms of scientific and technical writing also. The book aims to help beginners as well as experienced professionals in preparing effective and readable reports. The contents of the book have been fine-tuned based upon the feedback received from participants in numerous training programmes organized for scientists and technologists (including medical researchers) over the last 15 years. I would heartily wlecome suggestions for further improvement.