دانلود کتاب بارش باران – مدل سازی، اندازه گیری و کاربردها

Even though different types of precipitation can occur, this book is substantially related to rainfall formed from condensation or sublimation of water vapor over condensation nuclei with successive coagulation and precipitation at the ground surface. Rainfall, characterized by a droplet size distribution, is a major component of the water cycle and gives a crucial contribution to the fresh water on the Earth. It produces suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems and is useful for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. This book integrates different rainfall perspectives from microphysics and modeling developments to experimental measurements and their analysis also in the context of applications in surface and subsurface hydrology. It is mainly directed to postgraduate readers studying meteorology, civil and environmental engineering, geophysics, agronomy and natural science, as well as practitioners working in the fields of hydrology, hydrogeology, agronomy, and water resources management. Each chapter provides an updated representation of the involved subject with relative open problems. Chapter 1 describes elements of microphysics inside and beneath clouds producing rainfall at Earth’s surface, highlighting discoveries of the last 100 years that have led to significant improvement of our knowledge. The chapter describes processes associated to both warm and cold rain. In Chapter 2, the production of precipitation through the development of vertical motions in the atmosphere is considered. The lifting of humid air mass due to frontal disturbances, orographic chains, convective systems, and humid air convergence is discussed. In this context, the spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall is widely analyzed for frontal systems influenced by the interaction of the above lifting mechanisms.