دانلود کتاب حساب دیفرانسیل و انتگرال، منطق های چند ارزشی

Classical mathematical logics (propositional logic, first-order logic and modal logic) and applied logics (temporal logic, dynamic logic, situation calculus, etc.) concern deduction, a logical process from universal statements to particular statements. Description logics concern conceptswhich and deduction compose of general logics. Induction and belief revision are the topics of general logics and philosophical logics, and evolution is a new research area in computer science. To formalize induction, revision and evolution is a goal of this series. Revision is omnipresent in sciences. A new theory usually is a revision of an old theory or several old theories. Copernicus’ heliocentric theory is a revision of the Tychonic system; the theory of relativity is a revision of the classical theory ofmovement; the quantum theory is a revision of classical mechanics; etc.. The AGM postulates is a set of conditions a reasonable revision operator should satisfy. Professor Li proposed a calculus for first-order logic, called R-calculus, which is sound and complete with respect to maximal consistent subsets. R-calculus has several variants which can be used in other logics, such as nonmonotonic logics, can propose new problems in classical logics, and will be used in bigdata.