دانلود کتاب زیست‌محاسبات کوانتومی در زیست‌شناسی کوانتومی، جلد دوم

Quantum biology is the field of study that investigates processes in living organisms that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. This means that quantum theory has to be applied to understand those processes. All matter, including living matter, is subject to the laws of physics. Biology and biological processes often deal with electrons and protons that are continuously being transferred between different parts of a cell or a macromolecular system. These transfer processes can only take place when the system exchanges energy with its environment in the form of molecular vibrations and phonons. Such a system is called an ‘open quantum system’, and special physical laws apply to it. Good examples of biological processes in which quantum effects are visible are the transport of electrons and protons in photosynthesis, respiration, vision, catalysis, olfaction, and in basically every other biological transport process. Further examples include the transfer of electronic and/or vibrational energy, and magnetic field effects in electron transfer and bird migration. Without the laws of quantum mechanics, we cannot understand life and life processes. The challenge is to understand how in a wet and noisy environment (such as a protein, a membrane, a cell, and an entire organism) the ‘perfect’ laws of quantum physics survive. In the near future we will see new experiments that will study, for example, the effects of strong magnetic fields, single molecule/system analysis, and femtosecond coherent microscopy. One challenge is to understand how quantum effects, clearly present at some level of functional description, translate into observations at a higher level of complexity. We will see new systems being investigated, such as neurons, neural networks, and maybe the entire brain. We will see a closer connection between our further understanding of life, and our understanding of quantum informatics, quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and various other technologies. Computing in Quantum Biology is the combination of quantum computing and DNA computing which is introduced here for the first time. This is a new platform for the computing system, which consists of a combination of quantum computing and DNA computing—it can be called the cross-platform system of quantum and DNA computing which can be done in two ways, namely, “quantum- DNA computing or quantum biocomputing or quantum biological computing” and “DNA-quantum computing or bioquantum computing or biological quantum computing” The book “Quantum Biocomputing: Computing in Quantum Biology” starts with the basics of Quantum Computing, Biocomputing, Quantum-DNA Computing, and DNA-Quantum Computing in Volume I. Volume I discussed the fundamental operations in quantum computing, different types of quantum arithmetic circuits, fundamental operations in biocomputing, DNA arithmetic circuits, quantum- DNA arithmetic circuits, and DNA-quantum arithmetic circuits such as basic and universal gate operations, half-adder, full-adder, half subtractor, full subtractor, Nqubit adders, multipliers, and dividers. Different quantum and DNA combinational circuits, such as quantum, quantum-DNA and DNA-quantum encoder, decoder, multiplexer, and demultiplexer, have also been discussed in Volume I of this book. Different types of sequential circuits, such as SR-latch, SR flip-flop, D flip-flop, T flip-flop, JK flip-flop, shift register, ripple counter, synchronous counter in quantum, quantum-DNA, and DNA-quantum computing. Computing in quantum biology means all logical computations in quantum-DNA and DNA-quantum computing modes. This volume (Volume II) will discuss the architecture and applications of different types of memory devices, such as Random-Access Memory (RAM), Read- Only Memory (ROM), and Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM), cache memory in quantum, quantum-DNA, and DNA-quantum computing. Different types of programmable logic devices such as Programmable Logic Array (PLA), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) in quantum, quantum-DNA, and DNA-quantum computing are also constructed. The readers will get knowledge about the designs of quantum, quantum-DNA, and DNAquantum nanoprocessors and their components such as RAM, Instruction Register (IR), Program Counter (PC), incrementor circuit, decoder, multiplexer, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and accumulator in quantum computing and DNA computing. The readers will get the idea of quantum computing, quantum-DNA computing, and DNA-quantum computing from basic to advanced levels which will help them to design new quantum, quantum-DNA, and DNA-quantum circuits. The last part of the book will discuss the data, heat, and speed-related issues of quantum biocomputing.