دانلود کتاب اقتصاد سیاسی پراگماتیسم جدید

A millennium ago—in 1021—the bravest Vikings from the north of Europe, after a daring and grueling expedition, during which many of them—yet, their numbers are unknown—died, found a new land that is still called that way today—Newfoundland. We do not know the exact name given to it by those courageous sailors. The place they arrived at is now called L’Anse aux Meadows, in memory of later French colonialism. The Vikings reached an island off the north-east coast of a vast territory, a double continent that had to wait another half a millennium to be named America, which in turn is the name we owe to the Italian traveler, Amerigo Vespucci. He avoided the mistake made by Columbus, as he knew that he came to a vast new continent, the New World. Then, in September 1519, a small flotilla of five galleons under the command of Ferdinand Magellan sailed from southwestern Europe, off the coast of Spain, and set off on a journey around the world, the sphericity of which many people still did not believe in. Those valiant sailors, like the Vikings, headed west but took a southerly course to do the seemingly impossible—to circumnavigate the globe. Shortly after, the Sun was no longer setting over the empire of the Kings of Spain, Charles V, and Philip II. There were also other empires emerging and evolving, with the Sun shining over them for some time. The age of globalization has arrived, although nobody used that term to describe this process. A process, because it is exactly a course of events whose essence can only be grasped in terms of the passage of time.