دانلود کتاب پیامدهای فیزیولوژیکی عملکرد انسولین مغز

The discovery of insulin represents a landmark achievement in medical sciences. Insulin was discovered by Frederick Grant Banting and Charles Herbert Best in the laboratory of John James Rickard McLeod more than 100 years ago and saved millions of lives from a formerly  non-curable disease. While type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency, which can be treated by the administration of insulin, the majority of patients suffer from type 2 diabetes. These patients exhibit initially reduced sensitivity to insulin, known as insulin resistance. Insulin resistance causes reduced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In the liver, insulin resistance causes deteriorated hepatic glucose production, leading to elevated blood glucose levels overall. Although glucose uptake in the brain is mostly independent of insulin, insulin and its receptor have already been detected in the late 1960s and 1970s in the brain, and research over the last decades has clearly demonstrated that the brain is an  insulin-sensitive organ.