دانلود کتاب طراحی و کاربردهای پالایش نفت – جلد چهارم

Petroleum refining is a complex industry that worldwide produces more than $10 billion worth of refined products. Improvements in the design and operation of these facilities can deliver large economic value for refiners. Furthermore, economic, regulatory and environmental concerns impose significant pressure on refiners to provide safe working conditions and at the same time optimize the refining process. Refiners have considered alternative processing units and feedstocks by investing in new technologies. The United States, Europe and countries elsewhere in the world are embarking on full electrification of automobiles within the next couple of decades. Furthermore, the current pandemic of the coronavirus with lock downs in many countries has restricted the movement of people, less use of aviation fuel and motor gasoline. This has resulted in the barrel of crude being sold at $42.0 per barrel presenting problems to oil producers and refiners. The venture of electrification still poses inherent problems of resolving rechargeable batteries and fuel cells and providing charging stations along various highways and routes. Oil and natural-gas will for the foreseeable future form an important part of everyday life. Their availability has changed the whole economy of the world by providing basic needs for mankind in the form of fuel, petrochemicals and feedstocks for fertilizer plants and energy for the power sector. Recently, the prices of Brent crude and WTI have now risen to $113.1 and $109.8 respectively, caused by various factors such as the war between Russia and Ukraine. Refining capacity is the maximum volume of crude oil that refineries can produce in a day. Setting the US as a benchmark for the world, it had 135 operable petroleum refineries and a total of refining capacity of 19 millions barrels per day in 2020 to 128 operable refineries with a total crude distillation capacity of 17.9 million barrels per day, a loss of 1.1 million barrels. In the same period of time the world lost a total of 3.3 millions barrels of daily refining capacity, and about 1/3 of these losses occurred in the US.