دانلود کتاب فناوری انرژی هسته‌ای، ژئوپلیتیک و اقتصاد

Nuclear power is complex, and it is certainly the world’s most complex energy generation technology: i. It is a technology that can generate huge amounts of energy, through nuclear fission or fusion, within parts of a second, but also leads to ionizing radiation. Nuclear waste has to be shielded from nature and people for hundreds of thousands of years. Nuclear fusion, too, involves radioactive substances, such as tritium, with the danger of proliferation. Since its very beginnings geopolitical aspects dominate the sector ii. Since its very beginnings, geopolitical aspects dominate the sector. This ranges from research and development (R&D) efforts on the nuclear bomb in the early 1940s to efforts of nuclear diplomacy nowadays. This implies geopolitically motivated attempts by the nuclear superpowers (the United States (US), Russia, and China) to diffuse nuclear technology to other countries to foster long-term geopolitical relations. iii. Nuclear power is economically complex, too, due to its dual-use for military and commercial applications, its long time frames of R&D, energy production, and decommissioning and waste management, and to its lack of competitiveness in energy markets, requiring state support and/or cost pass-through for private operators to consumers. iv. Last but not least, the “back-end,” i.e., decommissioning and nuclear waste treatment, have been under-researched until recently, but now turn to be major challenges with respect to financing, technical challenges, and long time frames, ranging over a century hence. These four topics make up the four parts of the book. Why a new book? Technology, geopolitics, and economics are treated in the literature, but they are rarely dealt with jointly, with an integrated approach. Our colleague at the Paris School of Mines, Professor Francois Lévêque (2014, 202), has suggested that “nuclear power is the daughter of science and warfare,” implying the interdependence between technology, both fundamental and applied aspects, and geopolitics. This complexity is often underrepresented in more economically focused research and publications. Neither can geopolitical aspects be “economized,” nor is a cost–benefit analysis possible and useful. Economic analysis tends to abstract from the complexity of dual use. Therefore, the allocation of fixed costs to certain applications, e.g. bombs, or electricity, becomes quite random. Overall, we feel a need for this approach, while acknowledging more specialized books from which we have benefited. Examples are Paul Bracken (2012) on geopolitics and “The Second Nuclear Age”; Yim (2022) on “Nuclear Waste Management”; Steven Thomas’ (1988) “Realities of Nuclear Power”; Geoffrey Rothwell’s (2016) “Economics of Nuclear Power”; François Lévêque (2014) “Uncertainties of Nuclear Power” on technology, politics and economics; and last, but certainly not least, William Nuttall’s (2022) recent book “Nuclear Renaissance: Technologies and Policies for the Future of Nuclear Power.” For this book, we present the three aspects that make up the complexity of nuclear power, without which neither the historical nor the current dynamics of the industry can be fully understood: technology—geopolitics—economics. The hypothesis is that the issues and controversies of nuclear power cannot be understood by a one dimensional, disciplinary approach only, such as physics and chemistry, political science, or business and economics. On the contrary, an interdisciplinary approach is required that combines technical aspects, geopolitical motivations, and the business and economics perspective. This interdependence is quite clear in the early years of nuclear