دانلود کتاب داده ها برای خیر اجتماعی – پروژه های داده‌های بخش غیر انتفاعی

The non-profit sector comprises organisations with different legal and operational structures, including charities, philanthropic foundations, voluntary and community organisations, community groups, social enterprises and co-operatives (Salamon & Sokolowski, 2018). Some non-profits generate profit but re-invest it for social purpose. The sector has different names internationally, including the charitable and non-profit sector (Canada); third sector, social economy, voluntary sector (UK); third and social economy (Europe); not-for-profit sector, community sec­tor (Australia and New Zealand); and charitable, voluntary and philan­thropic organisations, civil society (US) (Lalande, 2018; Productivity Commission, 2010; Salamon & Sokolowski, 2018). Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are non-profits that tend to work in other country contexts (Vaughan & Arsneault, 2013).

While non-profits generally operate to address social purposes not suitably addressed by government or private organisations (Vaughan & Arsneault, 2013), the social welfare role of non-profits can vary even within countries. Indigenous cultures including the Maori of Aotearoa (New Zealand), for example, have different understandings of social and community life that influence what is considered acceptable work for community organisations. Western notions of volunteering, separation of family and community, and who should provide community services should not be regarded as automatically aligned with Indigenous Peoples’ cultural understandings (Tennant et al., 2006). In high-income countries, non-profits are significant providers of com­munity services, including health, mental health, social care, education, environmental protection and disaster relief programmes. They contrib­ute significantly to national economies; for example, employing around 13% of Europe’s workforce (Salamon & Sokolowski, 2018). Charities alone employ one in ten workers in Australia (Social Ventures Australia and Centre for Social Impact, 2021). Beyond service provision, non-profits contribute to generating a sense of community, “giving expression to a host of interests and values—whether religious, ethnic, social, cul­tural, racial, professional or gender-related” (Salamon & Sokolowski, 2018, p. 56) and, importantly, act as social policy advocates (Salamon, 2014). As such, non-profits are key actors in the policy community. They influence what are recognised as societal challenges, provide evidence about fruitful solutions and influence how the work of their sector is done (Vaughan & Arsneault, 2013). Government is a major funder for non-profits in high-income countries via contracts to provide welfare ser­vices (Salamon & Sokolowski, 2018). This increasingly leads to govern­ments dictating the terms of engagement. Consequently, it is imperative that the non-profit sector is capable in contemporary organisational prac­tices and innovations so it can influence social policy through data-supported knowledge and ideas.

In countries where policy is imbued with neoliberal ideology, includ­ing the UK, Australia and New Zealand, increased provision of public welfare services by non-profits started in the 1980s–1990s (Tennant et al., 2006). During this time, many traditional voluntary organisations became non-profit businesses. Additionally, the trend of non-profits sup­plying welfare services accelerated following the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. The marketisation of the non-profit sector led to competition for funding between organisations, forcing increasing corporatisation. Some now refer to a not-for-profit industrial complex (Incite! Women of Color Against Violence, 2017), with concerns non-profits are forced to subordi­nate their social mission to respond to funder-determined priorities in order to survive.