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Advances in neurology are occurring at an ever-increasing rate. Since the second edition of this book six years ago, extraordinary results have once again been achieved in all neurological subspecialties. Advances in our understanding of neurological diseases due to modern neuroimaging, molecular neuroscience, and genetic testing, as well as stricter standards for the conduct of clinical trials, have translated into numerous new therapeutic options. Although many neurological diseases are still incurable, today there is virtually no disorder that cannot be treated. Conversely, advances in fields outside of neurology, especially oncology, are creating unforeseen neurological complications that neurologists are increasingly called upon to attend to. Examples include neuromuscular disorders and autoimmune encephalitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab in patients with melanoma and a variety of solid cancers and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) following CAR-T therapy for lymphoma. Similarly, new epidemiological trends are giving rise to neurological disorders once considered extremely rare such as subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord leading to sensory ataxia in large numbers of young adults who abuse nitrous oxide. Finally, COVID-19 has been a challenge not least for its many neurological complications in the ICU. We have therefore carefully updated the text and included references to major revisions such as new classifications and treatment guidelines. In addition, we have added new graphic material and case stories that illustrate important concepts for the young neurologist’s daily clinical practice. We would like to express our gratitude to our patients, our neurologist and non-neurologist colleagues, and our families.