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Concurrency has long been one of the most challenging aspects of Java development. It has consistently evolved to meet the demands of modern software development while maintaining a strong commitment to backward compatibility. Among all the advancements Java has introduced over the years, Project Loom’s introduction of virtual threads marks a fundamental shift in the world of concurrency. Concurrency is inherently challenging, and this difficulty has only increased with the rise in performance demands. Even for seasoned developers, managing it effectively remains a complex task. Today, modern applications are primarily I/O-driven, as they interact with numerous other systems, especially within the microservices architecture that dominates recent software development to meet the growing demands of scalability. I/O operations often take a significant amount of time. When a thread makes an I/O call, it typically has to wait for the operation to complete, which has been the traditional approach. While modern operating systems can manage millions of open sockets, the number of available threads remains limited. As a result, meeting the growing demand for higher throughput with traditional threads has become increasingly complex. In response to this limitation, various techniques and alternative concurrency models have been devised, but each comes with its own set of trade-offs. Virtual threads represent a promising solution by leveraging lightweight, user-mode threads that can be multiplexed onto a smaller number of kernel threads. This approach enables more efficient use of system resources. It enhances scalability, marking a notable improvement in the world of concurrency. When I first encountered virtual threads, I was immediately intrigued. They felt like a long-awaited breakthrough that could fundamentally change how we write concurrent programs on the JVM, offering a simple and elegant solution where Java previously lacked one. I began experimenting with virtual threads, documenting my findings on my blog, and speaking at conferences. The enthusiastic response from the developer community reaffirmed that virtual threads were not just another enhancement but a fundamental shift in the approach to concurrency. As I continued to explore, I discovered a wealth of resources emerging around virtual threads—official documentation, insightful blog posts, GitHub repositories with real-world examples, and excellent conference sessions. While these resources were individually valuable, each focused on different aspects of the topic. Some addressed technical implementations, while others discussed migration strategies and specific use cases. Through continuous writing, speaking, and hands-on work, I gained a clearer and more comprehensive understanding of the subject. This exploration provided a comprehensive understanding of the motivations behind project Loom, its integration with Java’s existing concurrency model, and its implications for building scalable and maintainable systems. My respect for Java’s ability to adapt to change while maintaining backward compatibility has only intensified throughout this journey. Eventually, I realized there was an opportunity to consolidate all this understanding into a single, practical resource. This book is not just a theoretical exploration but a practical, hands-on guide that gathers all the necessary concepts, examples, and best practices into a single, comprehensive resource.