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The rebirth of logic as we know it today begins with Gottlob Frege, Giuseppe Peano, and Bertrand Russell, with this early period summarized in the massive Principia Mathematica that Russell wrote with the help of Alfred Whitehead. It was published in three volumes in 1910–13, with an unchanged second edition in 1925–27, save for a new preface. Principia was the starting point of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico- Philosophicus, an intriguing, even cryptic volume and slim in contrast, that around 1925 inspired Viennese philosophers and mathematicians to tackle the new logic. Foremost among these were the philosopher Moritz Schlick and the mathematician Hans Hahn and, from 1926 on, the newly appointed Privatdozent in philosophy Rudolf Carnap who leaned on the Principia rather than Wittgenstein. These first years of interest in modern logic in Vienna did not produce any results that would be remembered today. The situation was dramatically changed in a couple of years, 1929–31, with Kurt G¨odel’s famous completeness and incompleteness theorems. G¨odel being the practically only one of the Viennese of these times who produced new results, the history of these times is mainly one of G¨odel’s doings: It appears that G¨odel’s first year of study at the University of Vienna, 1924–25, included a course titled Principia Mathematica, given by Hahn under whose guidance he later did his doctoral work. An early notebook of G¨odel’s contains notes that seem to stem from this course, many of them citations of paragraphs in English.1 G¨odel encountered logic and foundational research a second time in connection with a seminar directed by Schlick in 1925–26, devoted to Russell’s Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy of 1919, as reported by John Dawson’s definitive biography of G¨odel. Russell’s book had been translated into German in 1923, with the title Einf ¨uhrung in die mathematische Philosophie. In 1926, G¨odel also began to attend the meetings of the Vienna Circle, an initiative of his mathematics professor Hahn. G¨odel’s direct, active involvement with foundational questions appears to have begun about May 1928, seemingly inspired by L. Brouwer’s well-known lectures in Vienna a couple of months earlier. Go¨del took part in Rudolf Carnap’s “Axiomatik-U¨ bungen” from May 8 on, together with his closest friends Herbert Feigl and Marcel Natkin. This is shown by Carnap’s diary remarks of 8 and 15 May: “Exercises (Boltzmanngasse). With Natkin, Feigl, G¨odel in caf´e; about causality.” Carnap’s diaries show that Feigl and Natkin had participated in his “Logistik-U¨ bungen” the year before, but Go¨del apparently not. Carnap, at that time, was a Privatdozent of philosophy at the University of Vienna, concentrating on his book manuscript Abriss der Logistik (Outline of logistic), as his diary remarks show. The “Logistik- U¨ bungen” correspond to what became the first part of Carnap’s book that got published in 1929. The “Axiomatik-U¨ bungen” that G¨odel followed were the second and closing part of Carnap’s little book that was meant as a concise introduction to the logic of the Principia.