دانلود کتاب مارکس و خدمات عمومی تئوری، سیاست و عمل

Much of the literature on public management, public services, accepts the world as it is being (a) managerialist (efficiency, new public management, NPM) or (b) third-way coproduction, shifting services from the state to the third-sector (3S), or (c) that user-led innovation or private–public partnerships, governance neutrality will answer problems. Other public management (PM) theorists turn to network theory or quantitative surveys to explain what, how and future of public services. As a hybrid discipline study of public services has no clear set of guiding principles, toolkit or holistic framework. This book has three aims (goals) and three learning objectives (route to goal). Aim 1 is to demonstrate the usefulness of Marx’s holistic conceptual categories in analysing, designing and delivering public services. For example, Marx argues that before capitalism, while some production was for trade most production occurred in families as use-values (UVs). UVs are wealth produced by labouring on ‘free gifts’ of nature (natural artefacts) creating wealth that solves problems, wealth in the form of goods or services such as healthcare and education. Public services are UVs—created and distributed outside of markets, without money as mediation, unlike capitalist EVs produced for the market and for profit. UVs are created in what Kinder and Stenvall () call the mutuality sector, the not-for-profit sector. Yet, economic and public policy primarily accommodates the private sector. While NPM wants public services to be more like the private sector, this book celebrates the differences showing the relevance of Marxist ideas on democratic planning and bottom-up, local governance as the best way to deliver UVs and build the active citi¬zenship capacity that supports transitional steps to a better world. It celebrates good public services for their impact on equality and justice, ensuring respect for all and the expansion of public services as part of the journey to a socialist society.2021 Aim 2 The book seeks to persuade readers on a range of anti-capitalist arguments flowing from the notion that labour not capital produces value, an argument with a long lineage including Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Confucian, Vedic, Islamic, Adam Smith and David Ricardo and Marx. It disputes arguments that markets are self-adjusting to the point of greatest efficiency and instead looks to aligning society and economy: the relations of production (making things) with relations of reproduction (making social relationships). Challenging capitalist economic, social, environmen¬tal and service thinking as it applies to public services, the book exposes a lot of ‘common sense’ and assumptions as pure ideology, suiting those with wealth and power. Capitalist arguments that public services are necessarily inefficient because they are labour intensive are rejected, insisting that the quality of service also counts as productivity. Rejecting neoliberalism (the ideology that markets are the solution to all social problems, hence a smaller public sector), an internationalist perspective shows that neoliberalism keeps poorer countries poor, and their public services inadequate: that universal recipes do not work. Instead we argue that context is everything: just as the scale and scope of public services alters with context and culture, so too the holistic metrics by which success in public services is judged alters across cultures. Throughout, the book draws on examples the changing con¬texts for public services and that histories matter, especially if those histories include colonialism and neoimperialism. The book explores how families and the third-sector organisations contribute use-values as public value in public services. It chal-lenges the racist heritage of colonialism calling for greater cooperation internationally in areas such as education and healthcare. Aim 3 is to show the temporary and transitory nature of capitalist public services arguing that expanding the range of public services is an important part of the transi¬tion to a fairer and better society, a socialist society. The book embraces technologi¬cal advances focusing on the direction of change and who benefits from change. Integrating, planning and personalising public services can be part of the promise that new technologies help deliver argument backed up in this book by practical examples from education, health, care, traffic, waste and a wide scope of services. Hence the book supports mutuality and not-for-profit service provision, recognising that at times partnering with for-profit organisations makes sense, while rejecting cherry-picking of public services by the private sector. A central aim of the book is emphasising opportunities from learning and innovation to improve and expand local public services. Instead of lengthy case studies that rapidly date, the book sup¬plies a toolkit for innovation coupled with examples of how the tools can be applied, always mindful that opportunities vary internationally between context and cultures including phases of economic development. Inequalities within countries, espe¬cially those relating to women, disabled people and racial minorities form part of the discourse in every chapter of this book.