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Let’s begin with three anecdotes. Anecdote 1: In 1979, the economist Hernando de Soto, born in Peru, but raised and educated in Switzerland, hosted the recent grantee of the Nobel Prize in Economic Science, F. A. Hayek, at a workshop in Lima called “Democracy and the Market Economy.” Also invited were a group of people with biographies very diff erent from the patrician Viennese professor’s: they were what the Nobel laureate poet Mario Vargas Llosa, also in attendance, called “black market entrepreneurs” — unlicensed street hawkers, called in Spanish ambulantes.1 With the help of a textile magnate, de Soto founded a think tank after the meet-ing — the Institute for Liberty and Development — that framed its proj-ect as empowering the denizens of the rapidly swelling slums of Latin America through deregulation, even though, as a journalist noted, the hawkers in attendance expressed preferences for more robust welfare programs and sympathy for the Marxist candidate in the upcoming elections.2 De Soto’s message was pitched perfectly to the moment. After the publication of two best-selling books, The Other Path and The Mystery of Capital, he became the best-known advocate for a new development approach at the United States Agency for International Development and the World Bank in the 1990s based on formalizing property rights.3 In the preface to the reissue of The Other Path, with a post-9/11 subtitle, “The Economic Answer to Terrorism,” de Soto shared what he believed was the secret of his success: “You cannot sell expanded mar-kets and capitalism to the poor outside the West using Western para-digms. . . . You have to represent progress to people using case histories that come from their own social environment.”4 Another co-organizer of the 1979 meeting was the Guatemalan policy entrepreneur Manuel Ayau. At that time, he was working closely with the military government in his own country to establish a uni-versity as a neoliberal outpost. To date, its recipients of honorary doc-torates include dozens of members of the fl agship organization of the neoliberal intellectual movement, the Mont Pelerin Society, including the former Czech prime minister Václav Klaus, controversial social scientist and think tanker Charles Murray, and Hayek himself.5 When Milton Friedman, another honorary PhD, showed up for an interview with later white nationalist Peter Brimelow in 1992, he wore a baseball cap reading “Ayau Presidente.”