دانلود کتاب مدیریت فناوری از آزمایشگاه تا بازار

The technological landscape has changed a great deal over the past three decades. What has been known as information technology (IT) has in fact evolved into some­thing very different. The 1980s and 1990s saw the rise of the personal computer as the central feature of the world of high tech. While computers remain an important part of the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), they are now only one aspect of the story of high tech today. Technology is now expanding beyond the rather flat, two-dimensional world of digital computing where machines – albeit very sophisticated ones at that – simply follow the instructions of programs fed into them. In the twenty-first century, the three-dimensional world itself is becoming digitalized. Products, components and systems that hardly existed a few decades ago – neural algorithms, microsensors, smart devices, clean energy – now link up with advanced personal computer technology to create systems that can perceive, digitalize and react to the world around us. Closely associated with this new percep­tibility in technology is its ability to solve daily problems and ultimately to think independently. Combining its new powers of perception with its higher level of autonomy, twenty-first-century technology will not just do what humans ask it to do ever faster but will be enabled to point out new and previously unimaginable ways to tackle the world’s most pressing problems including climate change, energy tran­sition, food shortage, health care and disease, productivity decline and a host of other seemingly intractable problems of the modern era.

Those who still believe that IT “is the straw that stirs the drink” in the twenty-first century have seriously misread what this current era is all about. Solving the difficult problems that confront us in the age of 4IR is rapidly shifting attention from those downstream digital products based on computer technology that domi­nated the 1980s and 1990s, toward a new type of technological world controlled now by advanced materials and the devices, components and systems made directly from them. Sensors, robotics, big data, energy generation and storage, genetic engi­neering, climate control, autonomous technology all depend increasingly on the discovery, development and commercialization of radically new materials. Future material progress, economic growth and national competitiveness hinge on the abil­ity of firms large and small, creating and injecting into the economy a new genera­tion of nanomaterials, advanced alloys, complex polymers, diagnostic biochips, quantum circuits, superconductors, smart materials, liquid crystals and similar upstream technologies.