دانلود کتاب یادگیری ماشین در تشخیص پزشکی -چارچوبی برای ارزیابی هنجاری مزایا و خطرات

What is the role of ethics in applied contexts? This is perhaps one of the first questions that someone working in the field of applied ethics is confronted with, and it is often a difficult question to answer. While other disciplines may have more or less straightforward definitions and boundaries, applied ethics is found at the intersection of other disciplines, which usually means that one has to go into some detail about them before being able to explain the meaning of the ethical work. Applied ethics is a discipline within the field of philosophy. It is not just the description of ethical challenges in concrete contexts, nor is it just conceptual clarification with philosophical rigor. Both tasks can be included in the work of an applied ethicist, but the work that distinguishes it is the normative evaluation of considerations with moral relevance in a particular context.
The emergence of digital technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), their implications and consequences are matters that warrant this kind of philosophical reflection and evaluation. They raise questions that go beyond the rush to comply with regulatory requirements or produce internal governance structures that paint a good company image. These questions require that we reflect upon how we perceive and approach problems of moral significance. Are these technologies going to aid or hinder us to fulfill our moral obligations to others? Other questions confront us about the tradeoffs we are making or will have to make as a result of introducing these technologies in our routines. For instance, what skills, habits or opportunities we might be discarding in favor of the affordances obtained by using these tools? What are we expecting to gain from it, and is it worth it? In areas of application like in healthcare, the use of AI systems demands that we consider how we are changing, and how our ways of relating and connecting with others can be impacted. Are there new moral duties that we owe to other agents because of these technologies? Are there rights that emerge and need protection?
As these technologies become increasingly ubiquitous, as moral agents at the center of any process in which they operate, we have a responsibility to inquire more deeply about the role or function we should assign to them, the effects they can have, and the ways in which we ought to prepare to deal with any potential consequences. These normative tasks are underscored by an appeal to the value of slowing down. Technology companies and developers in the field of artificial intelligence have adopted a pace of development that often does not allow sufficient time to consider the potential risks or drawbacks of their products at different levels. This strains the ability of societies to adapt to the changes, which in some cases are significant, and can lead to a general feeling of fatigue that distracts attention from the potential benefits.
It is a fact that the integration of artificial intelligence in healthcare is con-sidered one of the most promising areas for positive change and societal benefit. Companies and technical experts have suggested for over a decade now that the technical capabilities of AI systems could significantly improve diagnostic accu-racy, facilitate early detection of diseases and reduce medical error1 .Asofnow, there are also applications approved commercially that have demonstrated evi-dence of fulfilling these promises through randomized clinical trials2 .However, the rapid adoption of these technologies still raises critical ethical, technical, and socio-normative concerns that require careful consideration.