دانلود کتاب پزشکی آزمایشگاهی

Laboratory medicine is a broad and heterogeneous field that deals with the measurement of chemical, biochemical, cellular, and genetic biomarkers; it encompasses multiple disciplines including clinical chemistry, hematology and coagulation, clinical microbiology (including serology and virology), clinical immunology, molecular diagnostics, and, in certain countries, transfusion medicine. Tissue pathology and cytology, although part of the broad definition of laboratory medicine that includes all testing of human tissue, are not included in this textbook. Although the various fields of laboratory medicine overlap in a continuous dynamic evolution, specific disciplines elicit different images. For clinical chemistry, one thinks of pH measurements or large chemistry analyzers; for hematology or microbiology, microscopic examination is what first comes to mind; and molecular diagnostics conjures up the human genome project, companion diagnostics, and personalized and precision medicine. Whereas clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics are heavily dependent on technological developments, where the former excels in random access testing and the latter has evolved massively parallel methods, the practice of transfusion medicine and hematology is decidedly clinical. Furthermore, certain disciplines like transfusion medicine are well defined and consistently practiced internationally, while others such as clinical chemistry and clinical microbiology may vary in content depending on the country in which they are practiced. According to the definition of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), “Clinical Chemistry is the largest subdiscipline of Laboratory Medicine which is a multidisciplinary medical and scientific specialty with several interacting subdisciplines, such as hematology, immunology, clinical biochemistry, and others. Through these activities clinical chemists influence the practice of medicine for the benefit of the public.”1 Hospital-based laboratory medicine departments and commercial clinical laboratories provide in vitro testing of a variety of biomarkers in various fluids or tissues of the human body to screen for a disease, confirm or exclude a diagnosis, help to select or monitor a treatment, or assess prognosis. The popular claim that 60 to 70% of clinical decisions are based on laboratory tests cannot be easily justified by objectively measured data.2,3 Nevertheless, laboratory testing impacts healthcare delivery to virtually every patient.