دانلود کتاب مقدمه ای بر سازمان کامپیوتری – نگاهی به سخت افزار و مونتاژ ARM A64 در زیر کاپوت

This book introduces the concepts of how computer hardware works from a programmer’s point of view. The hardware is controlled by a set of machine instructions. The way these instructions control the hardware is called the instruction set architecture (ISA). A programmer’s job is to design a sequence of these instructions that causes the hardware to perform operations to solve a problem. Nearly all computer programs are written in a high-level language. Some of these languages are general-purpose, and others are geared toward specific applications. But they are all intended to provide a programmer with a set of programming constructs more suitable for solving problems in human terms than working directly with the ISA and the details of the hardware. Have you ever wondered what’s going on “under the hood” when you write a program in a high-level language? You know that computers can be programmed to make decisions, but how do they do that? You probably know that data is stored in bits, but what does that mean when storing a decimal number? My goal in this book is to answer these and many other questions about how computers work. We’ll be looking at both the hardware components and the machine-level instructions used to control the hardware. I’ll assume that you know the basics of how to program in a high-level language, but you don’t need to be an expert programmer. After discussing the hardware components, we’ll look at and write lots of programs in assembly language, the language that translates directly into machine instructions. Writing in assembly language is a tedious, error-prone, time-consuming process, so it should be avoided whenever possible. The best language for most programming projects on a Raspberry Pi is Python, which is included with Raspberry Pi OS and has excellent support for electronics projects. Python is very good at isolating us from the tedium of writing in assembly language. However, our goal here is to study programming concepts, not to create applications, so we’ll mainly be using C as our high-level language.