دانلود کتاب مقدمه ای بر محاسبات کلاسیک و کوانتومی

Computers have come a long way. The first computers were people, not machines, who performed calculations. Indeed, the term “computer” dates as far back as the early 1600’s, centuries before the digital age. Human computers persisted into modern history, with NASA, for example employing people to compute launch trajectories for the space program and other scientific endeavors through the 1960’s. Of course, mechanical and then electronic computers have since taken over, evolving from massive machines that filled entire rooms, to personal computers on our desktops, to smaller and smaller devices. Now, nearly everyone has a electronic computer in their pocket—a smartphone—that is more powerful than the computers that landed people on the moon. Computers have become so polished that we can use and even program them without understanding how they work at a fundamental level. That’s not a bad thing. It has allowed computers to become tools for more and more people. My physics students can perform numerical computations and solve scientific problems without needing to understand bits and bytes.