دانلود کتاب مقدمه ای بر نجوم و اخترفیزیک

This book is now in its fourth edition. Modern astrophysics is now performed at almost all wavelengths; the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from gamma rays to radio waves, provides information about astronomical objects. We can observe up to a time when the universe was about 400,000 years old. The further we look into the depths of the universe, the more we observe into its past. The exploration of the early phases of the universe goes hand in hand with modern theories of physics, such as the unification of the four fundamental forces, or the attempt to unify quantum physics with the theory of relativity. New satellite missions have made it possible to obtain previously unimaginably accurate data on about 1% of all the stars in the Milky Way. The discovery of new planets outside the solar system has become routine. A sensation was the first direct observation of gravitational waves. This virtually opens a new window of observation for astrophysics. Despite the great progress, however, there are still many unanswered questions. How did life develop on our planet? Is there life on other objects of the solar system or on exoplanets? Is our solar system unique? How can dark matter or dark energy be explained? The book includes 17 chapters beginning with classical astronomy and a brief overview of the history of astronomy. After the description of astronomical observation instruments, the objects of the solar system are introduced, as well as the physics of the Sun. This is followed by chapters on state variables of stars, their structure and evolution. The next chapters deal with the description of interstellar matter and the structure of our Milky Way and galaxies in general. Then follows the chapter on cosmology in which also new physical theories are briefly outlined, such as loop gravity and string theories. The chapter on astrobiology goes into detail about the search for habitable planets. A special feature of this book is a brief introduction on common mathematical methods used in scientific practice. The programs are all given in the Python programming language, which is freely available and has now become enormously popular in astrophysics.