دانلود کتاب قانون بین المللی حقوق بشر و حمایت از آسیب جنسیتی در اینترنت

The Internet is increasingly indispensable to various human activities in the public and private spheres, such as education, entertainment, work, commerce, information-seeking, and political debate, evidenced by the fact that approximately five billion people were using the Internet in 2021. Although originally designed as a scientific research tool and military communications network, the Internet is in its current phase largely utilised as a social web, characterised by user-generated content and social networking. Users may create, upload and modify their own content and interact with other users through a variety of mediums. Simultaneously, both businesses and governments aim to reduce costs and increase accessibility to information by gradually shifting services to the Internet. News, books and research are available online, with the Internet being the primary means of accessing infor- mation for young people. In view of these features, the Internet is a particularly important platform for social groups with limited access to the public sphere, for example, due to discrimination and/or socio-economic impediments, as a means of accessing information, building knowledge, expressing ideas and mobilising social and political change. As noted by the UN Special Rapporteur on the Freedom of Expression, the Internet provides novel modes of citizen participation and is an essential vehicle for democracy. Given the importance of this sphere, access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) is increasingly addressed through international human rights law, primarily viewed as being embedded in the freedom of expression, both to impart and receive information. For example, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) considers the Internet to be one of the primary means through which individuals are able to exercise their freedom of expression. Internet access is also viewed as important to such objectives as the right to development, democracy and gender equality. Such positive aspects have similarly been addressed within the framework of women’s international human rights law. Technological advances may, for example, aid in creating networks, bridge gaps of physical distance and serve to empower women, especially in rural areas with limited access to state services such as health-care, legal assistance and victim support. The Internet also stimulates employment, education and political participation. Addition- ally, ICTs provide platforms for a new sexual citizenship, allowing women to explore areas of their sexuality that may not be allowed or considered appropriate in their cultural setting.11 In a global study from 2013, 85% of women consequently ; held that the Internet provided them with more freedom. The Internet has thus been hailed—also by many feminist legal scholars—as a liberating sphere for women where the significance of gender roles is diminished.